Analysis of the Golgi Apparatus in Arabidopsis Seed
... had a large central vacuole, a nucleus typically located at the basolateral side of the cell, and amyloplasts (containing starch granules) that were either basal or apical (Figure 1A). Golgi stacks were seen in the narrow cytosolic region surrounding the vacuole. Cisternae were long and relatively t ...
... had a large central vacuole, a nucleus typically located at the basolateral side of the cell, and amyloplasts (containing starch granules) that were either basal or apical (Figure 1A). Golgi stacks were seen in the narrow cytosolic region surrounding the vacuole. Cisternae were long and relatively t ...
The Arf and Rab11 effector FIP3 acts synergistically with ASAP1 to
... containing Rab11a, the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ASAP1 and the Arf-Rab11 effector FIP3 (also known as RAB11FIP3) (Mazelova et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). The rhodopsin sequence encodes at least two ciliary targeting motifs, the VxPx and the FR, and they are conserved among other ciliary ...
... containing Rab11a, the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ASAP1 and the Arf-Rab11 effector FIP3 (also known as RAB11FIP3) (Mazelova et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). The rhodopsin sequence encodes at least two ciliary targeting motifs, the VxPx and the FR, and they are conserved among other ciliary ...
Plant development, auxin, and the subsystem
... the cell membrane, or by the active transport of the dissociated, anionic form (IAA− ) by a permease 2H+ -IAA co-transporter, as for example AUX1, which appears to be distributed uniformly in the cell membranes of Arabidopsis root cells (Bennett et al., 1996). Once within a cell, IAA is transported ...
... the cell membrane, or by the active transport of the dissociated, anionic form (IAA− ) by a permease 2H+ -IAA co-transporter, as for example AUX1, which appears to be distributed uniformly in the cell membranes of Arabidopsis root cells (Bennett et al., 1996). Once within a cell, IAA is transported ...
Catecholamines Stimulate Testicular Steroidogenesis In Vitro in the
... provide a more physiological method than Leydig cell culture. The presence of other testicular cells may well be the reason for the observed effects of catecholamines on the production of testosterone by the testes of the golden and Siberian hamsters. These effects of catecholamines could be due to ...
... provide a more physiological method than Leydig cell culture. The presence of other testicular cells may well be the reason for the observed effects of catecholamines on the production of testosterone by the testes of the golden and Siberian hamsters. These effects of catecholamines could be due to ...
Involvement of Calcium Ion in the Stimulated Shoot Elongation of
... or by cell elongation. One arrowhead tuber that had a shoot of 8 mm in length was selected and its shoot was marked at 1-mm intervals with oily ink. Table 1 shows the elongation of the shoot and the average length of cells in each region after 3 d of incubation under water. The tip (A) and basal (F, ...
... or by cell elongation. One arrowhead tuber that had a shoot of 8 mm in length was selected and its shoot was marked at 1-mm intervals with oily ink. Table 1 shows the elongation of the shoot and the average length of cells in each region after 3 d of incubation under water. The tip (A) and basal (F, ...
Ch 4
... – simple = one cell layer thick – stratified = two or more cell layers thick – pseudostratified = cells contact BM but all cells don’t reach apical surface • nuclei are located at multiple levels so it looks multilayered • Classified by shape of surface cells (Table 4.1) – squamous =flat – cuboidal ...
... – simple = one cell layer thick – stratified = two or more cell layers thick – pseudostratified = cells contact BM but all cells don’t reach apical surface • nuclei are located at multiple levels so it looks multilayered • Classified by shape of surface cells (Table 4.1) – squamous =flat – cuboidal ...
ATP as a Signaling Molecule: the Exocrine Focus
... assays and HPLC. One of the most commonly used methods in the study of epithelia is the luminescence detection of photon generation from reactions of luciferin and ATP that is catalyzed by luciferase. Supernatants from cell suspensions have been widely used for the assay, and now methods have been a ...
... assays and HPLC. One of the most commonly used methods in the study of epithelia is the luminescence detection of photon generation from reactions of luciferin and ATP that is catalyzed by luciferase. Supernatants from cell suspensions have been widely used for the assay, and now methods have been a ...
Bacterial cheating drives the population dynamics of
... antibiotic resistance plasmid in the b-lactam antibiotic ampicillin. (A) Growth rates of resistant (blue) and sensitive (red) bacteria as a function of antibiotic concentration. Free of the metabolic cost associated with resistance, sensitive cells grow faster than resistant cells (gS4gR) at antibio ...
... antibiotic resistance plasmid in the b-lactam antibiotic ampicillin. (A) Growth rates of resistant (blue) and sensitive (red) bacteria as a function of antibiotic concentration. Free of the metabolic cost associated with resistance, sensitive cells grow faster than resistant cells (gS4gR) at antibio ...
Flamingo controls the planar polarity of sensory
... apterous–Gal4 > UAS–fmi pupae (n = 26), the Numb crescent was also mispositioned and the mitotic spindle misoriented within the epithelial plane, but they remained aligned with each other (Figure 3g,h). Therefore, loss of function and overexpression of fmi both disrupted the cellular process that re ...
... apterous–Gal4 > UAS–fmi pupae (n = 26), the Numb crescent was also mispositioned and the mitotic spindle misoriented within the epithelial plane, but they remained aligned with each other (Figure 3g,h). Therefore, loss of function and overexpression of fmi both disrupted the cellular process that re ...
Pathogenesis of respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma dispar
... beating of the cilia present on the surface of the respiratory epithelium (Veit and Farrell, 1978; Dungworth, 1985; Sleigh et al., 1988). The mucus fraction of this apparatus was described to be composed of a outer gel and a inner sol fraction (Veit and Farrell, 1978; Sleigh et al., 1988). The trap ...
... beating of the cilia present on the surface of the respiratory epithelium (Veit and Farrell, 1978; Dungworth, 1985; Sleigh et al., 1988). The mucus fraction of this apparatus was described to be composed of a outer gel and a inner sol fraction (Veit and Farrell, 1978; Sleigh et al., 1988). The trap ...
Cytotoxicity of 1,2-epoxynaphthalene Is Correlated with
... selective cell necrosis (Cho et al., 1994a), lung and kidney lesions (Buckpitt et al., 1995, 1982; Buckpitt and Warren, 1983; Griffin et al., 1983), and toxicity to mononuclear leukocytes and human lymphocytes (Wilson et al., 1996), among others. One route of naphthalene metabolism is epoxidation. 1 ...
... selective cell necrosis (Cho et al., 1994a), lung and kidney lesions (Buckpitt et al., 1995, 1982; Buckpitt and Warren, 1983; Griffin et al., 1983), and toxicity to mononuclear leukocytes and human lymphocytes (Wilson et al., 1996), among others. One route of naphthalene metabolism is epoxidation. 1 ...
Disturbancies of external ventilation
... B) The normal alveolar - arterial gradient in O2 is almost entirely the result of venous mixing or of unequal ventilation - perfusion ratios B) During work, the inequality in ventilation-perfusion ratio diminishes C) In various lung function changes the A-c trasport of O2 is disturbed, bringing abo ...
... B) The normal alveolar - arterial gradient in O2 is almost entirely the result of venous mixing or of unequal ventilation - perfusion ratios B) During work, the inequality in ventilation-perfusion ratio diminishes C) In various lung function changes the A-c trasport of O2 is disturbed, bringing abo ...
... conditions, such as adenylate cyclase-activating adrenaline, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or adenosine, are also added in vitro, lower IC50 values should be expected. The simultaneous acceleration of cAMP generation by these mediators and inhibition of cAMP breakdown by PDE inhibitors evoke a synergistic ...
biological membranes - Biochemical Society
... Bilayers form because the hydrocarbon tails have a strong tendency to stay away from water, and are ‘squeezed together’ by water molecules. Such bilayers will close on themselves to form sealed compartments, called liposomes, to eliminate the edges where the tails would be in contact with water (Fig ...
... Bilayers form because the hydrocarbon tails have a strong tendency to stay away from water, and are ‘squeezed together’ by water molecules. Such bilayers will close on themselves to form sealed compartments, called liposomes, to eliminate the edges where the tails would be in contact with water (Fig ...
Complexity and diversity in c-type cytochrome biogenesis systems
... multicomponent, the former [also called a Ccm (cytochrome c maturation) system] is found in α-, some β- and most γ -proteobacteria, deinococci, and the mitochondria of various eukaryotes (see below). System II occurs in δ-, εand some β-proteobacteria, at least one γ -proteobacterium (Acidithiobacill ...
... multicomponent, the former [also called a Ccm (cytochrome c maturation) system] is found in α-, some β- and most γ -proteobacteria, deinococci, and the mitochondria of various eukaryotes (see below). System II occurs in δ-, εand some β-proteobacteria, at least one γ -proteobacterium (Acidithiobacill ...
AP Circulation - dsapresents.o
... Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle. – When SA node triggers an impulse, the atrial fibers produce an electrical charge (P wave). v P wave indicates atria are about to contract. ...
... Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle. – When SA node triggers an impulse, the atrial fibers produce an electrical charge (P wave). v P wave indicates atria are about to contract. ...
Expression α Importance for the Up-Regulation of TNF- MOPC
... large s.c. MOPC-315 tumor leads to up-regulation of TNF-␣ expression, which is first evident at the mRNA level at 24 h after the chemotherapy. In this study, we show accumulation of IFN- mRNA in the spleen and tumor nodule of such mice as early as 1 h after the chemotherapy followed by elevated pro ...
... large s.c. MOPC-315 tumor leads to up-regulation of TNF-␣ expression, which is first evident at the mRNA level at 24 h after the chemotherapy. In this study, we show accumulation of IFN- mRNA in the spleen and tumor nodule of such mice as early as 1 h after the chemotherapy followed by elevated pro ...
Patterning the Xenopus blastula - Development
... Drosophila initiated by the Wingless secreted protein (Fig. 3). 1994b). This indicates that, as in Drosophila, β-catenin may lie This wingless-initiated pathway has been shown to be of downstream of a Wnt signal. critical importance in the patterning of the Drosophila (c) Molecules upstream of β-cat ...
... Drosophila initiated by the Wingless secreted protein (Fig. 3). 1994b). This indicates that, as in Drosophila, β-catenin may lie This wingless-initiated pathway has been shown to be of downstream of a Wnt signal. critical importance in the patterning of the Drosophila (c) Molecules upstream of β-cat ...
Macrophages but Not MyD88, in Bacteria
... proteins in the induction of TLR-responsive apoptosis. Experiments using murine macrophages defective for MyD88 or Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN- (TRIF) revealed that deficiency of TRIF, but not of MyD88, provides protection against Yersinia-mediated cell death. Similarly, apopt ...
... proteins in the induction of TLR-responsive apoptosis. Experiments using murine macrophages defective for MyD88 or Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN- (TRIF) revealed that deficiency of TRIF, but not of MyD88, provides protection against Yersinia-mediated cell death. Similarly, apopt ...
Robust mechanisms of ventral furrow invagination require the
... constricted (Costa et al 1993), resulting in their assuming a wedge-like form (basal expansion). This second change in cell shape has been proposed to constitute the final push that drives furrow internalization (Costa et al 1993, Leptin 1995). Additionally, it has been suggested by a number of auth ...
... constricted (Costa et al 1993), resulting in their assuming a wedge-like form (basal expansion). This second change in cell shape has been proposed to constitute the final push that drives furrow internalization (Costa et al 1993, Leptin 1995). Additionally, it has been suggested by a number of auth ...
Expanded GAA repeats impair FXN gene expression and reposition
... Figure 1. The expanded GAA repeat FXN transgene associates with the NL more frequently in an FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc cell model. (A) Schematic representation of the pBACFXN-MS2-Luc and pBAC-FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc vectors. Each vector carries either six or ∼310 GAA repeats in intron 1, an array of 24 MBS in exon 2 ...
... Figure 1. The expanded GAA repeat FXN transgene associates with the NL more frequently in an FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc cell model. (A) Schematic representation of the pBACFXN-MS2-Luc and pBAC-FXN-GAA-MS2-Luc vectors. Each vector carries either six or ∼310 GAA repeats in intron 1, an array of 24 MBS in exon 2 ...
t-SNARE Phosphorylation Regulates Endocytosis in Yeast
... mulation of secretory vesicles, in an inhibition in protein secretion, and in various conditional lethal phenotypes (Protopopov et al., 1993; David et al., 1998). Mutations in either of two genes that encode homologous ER-localized proteins (Vbm1,2/Elo2,3), which are involved in long-chain fatty aci ...
... mulation of secretory vesicles, in an inhibition in protein secretion, and in various conditional lethal phenotypes (Protopopov et al., 1993; David et al., 1998). Mutations in either of two genes that encode homologous ER-localized proteins (Vbm1,2/Elo2,3), which are involved in long-chain fatty aci ...
GFP is the way to glow: bioimaging of the plant endomembrane
... Fig. 2. Organelles of the early endomembrane system highlighted by fluorescent fusion proteins. (a) Confocal laser scanning (CLS) micrograph of an interphase tobacco BY-2 cell expressing LBR-GFP5 (Irons et al., 2003). The fusion protein locates to the nuclear envelope. (b) Low-magnification CLS micr ...
... Fig. 2. Organelles of the early endomembrane system highlighted by fluorescent fusion proteins. (a) Confocal laser scanning (CLS) micrograph of an interphase tobacco BY-2 cell expressing LBR-GFP5 (Irons et al., 2003). The fusion protein locates to the nuclear envelope. (b) Low-magnification CLS micr ...
05 October 2000
... accumulation of S-RNases in pollen tubes germinated in vitro in solutions of purified SRNases has been previously reported14. However, in these studies, both pollen-tube RNA degradation14 and growth arrest15 were genotype-independent, and thus the genotype-independent S-RNase uptake was attributed t ...
... accumulation of S-RNases in pollen tubes germinated in vitro in solutions of purified SRNases has been previously reported14. However, in these studies, both pollen-tube RNA degradation14 and growth arrest15 were genotype-independent, and thus the genotype-independent S-RNase uptake was attributed t ...