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The Vacuolar Proton-Cation Exchanger EcNHX1
The Vacuolar Proton-Cation Exchanger EcNHX1

... preaccumulated protons that increases with the extravacuolar Na+ in the range from 10 to 30 mM. In the presence of LPC, this efflux requires less Na+ to occur (from 2 to 10 mM) but saturates at the same maximum velocity (Fig. 1C). Thus, LPC would allow an efflux of vacuolar protons at Na+ concentratio ...
Lung fluid restriction affects growth but not airway branching of
Lung fluid restriction affects growth but not airway branching of

... right main stem bronchi (Fig. 1A). No rudimentary lobar bronchi are present yet. As can be seen in Figure 1Band C, lobar and segmental bronchial branching were evident after 24- and 48-h culture in serum-free medium. However, the number of terminal buds of the cultured explants was significantly sma ...
Staphylococcal phenomics: metabolomic and proteomic responses
Staphylococcal phenomics: metabolomic and proteomic responses

... A well-established temperature-sensing system exists inside many bacteria that helps in recognition of environmental changes and induces an inbuilt defence mechanism against environmental stressors [45]. The Des system of B. subtilis has been well studied in this regard and it has been revealed that ...
recommendations for tissue preparation and formalin or
recommendations for tissue preparation and formalin or

... or fresh 4% (w/v) formaldehyde solution (“PFA”) made from paraformaldehyde power. It is important to realize that the concentrations of formaldehyde in both 10% (v/v) NBF and 4% (w/v) PFA are almost identical. Confusion arises because the concentration of formaldehyde in NBF is given as a percen ...
histology of organogenic and embryogenic responses in cotyledons
histology of organogenic and embryogenic responses in cotyledons

... Detached Cotyledons Cultured on Medium with BA and NAA (Fig. 5) The detached cotyledons on medium with BA and NAA followed a maturation process similar to that described for the attached cotyledons cultured without PGRs. Only small differences were observed. Detached cotyledons grew more regular in ...
Theme 1 Molecules, Cells and the Basis for Disease
Theme 1 Molecules, Cells and the Basis for Disease

... 7.1 Modulation of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in heart muscle cells by positive inotropic agents ........ 11   8.1 Determining how protection of ABCE1 contributes to maintenance of tumour growth: a structure and function approach. .................................................................. ...
protein membranes as models of cosmetic ingredients penetration
protein membranes as models of cosmetic ingredients penetration

... model (hoof bovine keratin) of nail plate in permeation studies. Hair shaft is mainly built of keratin . Key factor in penetration process is a structure of hair shaft cuticle, more precisely: structure of celi membrane complex (CMC). Studies on penetration through all mentioned membranes may create ...
Ch20 - CESA 10 Moodle
Ch20 - CESA 10 Moodle

... CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Pregnancy, Growth, and Development
Pregnancy, Growth, and Development

... CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Actin Cytoskeleton in Plants: From Transport Networks to Signaling
Actin Cytoskeleton in Plants: From Transport Networks to Signaling

... The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by a high diversity in regard to gene families, isoforms, and degree of polymerization. In addition to the most abundant F-actin assemblies like filaments and their bundles, G-actin obviously assembles in the form of actin oligomers composed of a few act ...
Growth rate regulation of lac operon expression in Escherichia coli
Growth rate regulation of lac operon expression in Escherichia coli

... The lac operon has been considered as the model for understanding the molecular biology of gene expression and its regulation. Transcription of the lac operon is regulated by the lac repressor and the CRP [16]. Early studies showed that glucose could repress the transcription of the lac operon by lo ...
Mycobacterial hypersensitivity pneumonitis + requires TLR9–MyD88 in lung CD11b + cells
Mycobacterial hypersensitivity pneumonitis + requires TLR9–MyD88 in lung CD11b + cells

... avium. This hypothesis was supported by an animal model in which mice were exposed intranasally to killed M. avium on three consecutive days per week for 3 weeks (fig. 2). We used M. avium isolated from the sputum of the patient with hot tub lung disease, referred to as the HP strain, which had been ...
21. Lymphatic System
21. Lymphatic System

... Notice that both of these functions involve supporting other systems of the body–the immune system and the cardiovascular system. I. Lymph and Lymph Vessels Lymph and lymphatic capillaries You should already be aware that the body contains interstitial fluid in the spaces between and around cells. Y ...
Super-resolution microscopy of mitochondria
Super-resolution microscopy of mitochondria

... immunogold EM requires the decoration of sections with antibodies, resulting in relatively few gold particles per decorated section. To determine the suborganellar distribution of a specific protein with this approach, numerous individual gold localizations are recorded on many images and an average ...
Organellar channels and transporters
Organellar channels and transporters

... recently discovered organellar channels and transporters are not covered in this SI. We first outline common challenges, then discuss the progress in each subfield/organelle, with the focus on the mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and plant vacuoles. 2. Common challenges in studying organellar ch ...
Structure-Function Relationships of Stem Cell Factor
Structure-Function Relationships of Stem Cell Factor

... cytokines as diverse as growth hormone, GM-CSF, and interleukin (IL)-4, our resultssuggest that cytokinesof multiple classes share a common functional organization. 0 1996 by The American Society of Hematology. ...
Antioxidant defense system targeted to help maintain a healthy
Antioxidant defense system targeted to help maintain a healthy

... other molecules, and are produced by our bodies as part of normal metabolism. These oxidized products are even more unstable and react with other molecules in domino-like chain reactions, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is the total burden placed on organisms by the constant production ...
Regulatory Mechanisms for Specification and Patterning of Plant
Regulatory Mechanisms for Specification and Patterning of Plant

... All rights reserved ...
Circulatory System Review
Circulatory System Review

... The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood. It moves nutrients, gases (like oxygen), and wastes to and from your cells. Every cell in your body depends on your cardiovascular system. If your cells don't receive nutrients, they cannot survive. The main functio ...
MECHANISMS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN STROKE
MECHANISMS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN STROKE

... on viable neurons within underperfused brain areas. With MRI, there is often a volume mismatch between tissue showing reduced water molecule diffusion (a signature for cell swelling and ischaemic tissue) and a larger area of compromised tissue perfusion early after stroke onset. The difference refle ...
Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases
Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases

... phenotypes and origins have also been identified during arthritis development. Mauri et al. have performed a comprehensive study that examines whether adoptive transfer of activated B cells from arthritic mice has an inhibitory effect on CIA.43 Mauri and colleagues found that the in vitro activation ...
In vivo assays to study histone ubiquitylation
In vivo assays to study histone ubiquitylation

... such as chromatin remodeling factors, transcription factors, and repair and replication factors to specific chromosomal domains [39]. The notion that ubiquitylated histones serve as a mark to direct the localization of specific factors to chromatin is supported by recent studies showing that yeast uH2 ...
PI-72-04 EnerChip Standards
PI-72-04 EnerChip Standards

... global standards, guidelines and directives in the areas of battery safety and environmental concerns. These standards, documents and instructions have been created over the last two decades by many different organizations in many different countries around the world. In some cases, there is harmony ...
7th Grade Science - Pflugerville ISD
7th Grade Science - Pflugerville ISD

... Moving Things In and Out of the Cell • Most things, like water and oxygen, can diffuse directly through the lipid (fat) cell membrane because they are so small. • Some things are too large (sugars) to squeeze through the cell membrane. • The things that are too big to go through the membrane use pas ...
Angioplasty and Stent Education Guide
Angioplasty and Stent Education Guide

... artery and a guide catheter and guide wire are fed through the artery and moved up into the coronary artery. All of this is done using X-rays for a guide. 3. The diseased artery first needs to be enlarged to make room for the stent. To do this, the doctor places a small, deflated balloon over the g ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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