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Students often want to use `sound` as an input within projects
Students often want to use `sound` as an input within projects

ATE32CutSheet - Actuation Test Equipment Company
ATE32CutSheet - Actuation Test Equipment Company

... Volt. Special hysteresis levels may be provided if requested when ordering the module to meet installation-specific requirements. This small-signal de-sensitization of the Model ATE-32 will improve the measurement of the frequency output of a generator operating at low speed without the application ...
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... switched, and thus no harmonics arise. In purely resistive loads, the switching point is always at the zero crossing, whereas with inductive loads it is usually at 60° (singlephase) or 90° (three-phase). The clock method, however, can lead to power flicker, especially for very large systems with man ...
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... repletion rate and pulse width. You must be careful to keep the repetition rate longer than the pulse width to avoid unpredictable output results. The output level is set by two concentric knobs, the outer one for the negative pulse level and the inner knob for the positive level. Note that the two ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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