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Determining R/Q Using SUPERFISH
Determining R/Q Using SUPERFISH

... high peak power required for accelerator sources. They function well as drivers and as low power, wide bandwidth sources. CFA’s and gyroklystrons can produce the required power but each has significant handicaps in comparison to a high power klystron. ...
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... Now’s a good time to talk about AC (alternating current) vs. DC (direct current) systems. Direct current means that current always flows in one direction and is the simplest type of circuit to grasp for reasons we’ll cover soon. Alternating current means the voltage and current are sine waves that c ...
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... We know from VTC in part a) that when Vin= 2.005 Vo=2.1817 Knowing this value we get VGS= 2.005 V and VDS=2.1817 for the NMOS. We can also get VGS= -2.95 V and VDS=-2.8183 for the PMOS Using the formula for the current ID in saturation we get ID= 7.66x 10-4 A. The small signal output resistance of b ...
Operational amplifier 741 as Wein bridge Oscillator
Operational amplifier 741 as Wein bridge Oscillator

... Procedure :- Connect the circuit is as shown in the Fig-1. Keep the resistance and capacitor values R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C and switch on the power. Adjust the voltage sensitivity band switch and time – base band switch such that at least two or more complete sine waves are observed on the scree ...
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... A correct design of the current transformer has to take into consideration some constraints that, being in contrast each other, lead to a few iterative design steps. The magnetic permeability of the core of the current transformer has to be as high as possible in order to minimize the magnetization ...
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A Simplified Active Input EMI Filter of Common-mode Voltage Cancellation

... emissions also have been produced because of the nonlinear voltage or current characteristics of these loads. So that, there are many researches on passive EMI filters have been done. But the size, cost and performance of EMI filter components are also important considerations in power application. ...
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... voltage drop directly. With tbe lin6 voltage ll.t a PrOl>cr value nlld with Vnria..c 3 set to fl. desired voltage, switch , 8 1 iR opened. Variac" is t hen adjusted until voltmeter, V 3 , reads zero. Switch 8 is then closcd and Variac 2 and resistor, R, are adjusted to the uesired curren t. reacting ...
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... saturated, the reactance to ground will diminish and the current to ground through the primary of the VT will go high. At the end of the sinusoid the VT will drop out of saturation, but with a low loss system the stored charge remains relatively high across the system coupling capacitance. As the po ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676, p-ISSN: 2320-3331
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... ing a low-pass filter (LPF) in series with the proportional gain of the current controller ➔ 2. In this case, the LPF affects only the proportional gain, not the parallelconnected resonator bank that tracks ...
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lab sheet - Faculty of Engineering
lab sheet - Faculty of Engineering

V 1 by
V 1 by

< 1 ... 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 ... 1202 >

Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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