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No-arc Relay Operation
No-arc Relay Operation

Numerical Oscilloscope OX 6152-C
Numerical Oscilloscope OX 6152-C

... Some digital oscilloscopes contain along the usual circuits of a general use analog oscilloscope, circuits of connection between the analog and the numerical part (analog to digital and digital -analog converters) as well as other strictly numeric circuits (storages, microprocessors). Thus, from the ...
Signal Processing with Analog circuit
Signal Processing with Analog circuit

2-CHANNEL BUCK/BOOST DC/DC CONVERTER - iC-Haus
2-CHANNEL BUCK/BOOST DC/DC CONVERTER - iC-Haus

... linear regulators. The output voltages of the two linear regulators can be individually pinconfigured within a range of 1.5 V to 5.5 V. The switching converter supplies up to 300 mA which can be drawn from the two linear regulators in the ratio required. The high efficiency of the buck/boost convert ...
sheet3
sheet3

TA 450 MK-X TA 600 MK-X TA 1050 MK-X TA 1400 MK
TA 450 MK-X TA 600 MK-X TA 1050 MK-X TA 1400 MK

BODAS Controller RC Series 21
BODAS Controller RC Series 21

AN-5019 LVDS: Calculating Driver/Receiver Power AN- 5019
AN-5019 LVDS: Calculating Driver/Receiver Power AN- 5019

... Fairchild does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and Fairchild reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications. ...
Spectral analysis of a new six-phase pole
Spectral analysis of a new six-phase pole

... Based on the phase relations between phases and for the four cases, the double Fourier series of the phase voltage can readily be deduced from (10). In the case 4P1, there are no phase differences between the two references and between the two carriers, the phase voltage is identical to the phase vo ...
Rectifying diodes application
Rectifying diodes application

... Therefore, the fundamental frequency of the ripple voltage is twice that of the AC supply frequency (100Hz) where for the half-wave rectifier it is exactly equal to the supply frequency (50Hz). The amount of ripple voltage that is superimposed on top of the DC supply voltage by the diodes can be vir ...
Example
Example

... POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS fluid control in transportation systems, oil and process pipelines, and manufacturing BENEFITS reduction in weight, size and cost from use of smaller actuators; reduction in valve failures due to reduced torque loads June 11, 1998 ...
ComLSI IP Portfolio
ComLSI IP Portfolio

... CBDS can operate from low operating voltages such as 1V with 500mV signal swing, or 1V differentially. Lower voltage reduces power correspondingly. CBDS can be self-terminating. Eliminating source termination, which halves transmitted signals, CBDS improves SNR by a factor of 2X over LVDS instances ...
Changes to EN61000-3-2
Changes to EN61000-3-2

... • The extra distorted current drawn does no useful work. The power factor is < 1, or VxA>W This means more electricity must be generated, distributed and paid for than is consumed as useful energy. • The current distortion leads to to the phenomenon of triplen harmonic currents flowing in the neutra ...
Variable Voltage Controller
Variable Voltage Controller

... much more desirable for your workbench projects. As an example, I have an MFJ-4225 on my workbench. And while this power supply does have a variable voltage output adjustable from 8-15 volts, I often need lower output voltages for many of my projects. Therefore, this project consists of an inexpensi ...
A13 - Tom Rebold
A13 - Tom Rebold

... vCN  150 cos(t  152o ) V Write the time-domain expressions for the line-toline voltages vAB, vBC, and vCA. 3) Obtain the line currents in the three-phase circuit below. ...
General Description Features
General Description Features

... 1MHz and 2.42MHz. For proper frequency synchronization, FSYNC’s input frequency must be at least 110% of the EV kit’s programmed internal oscillator frequency. When FSYNC is driven with an external digital clock, the device synchronizes to the rising edge of the external clock. The digital square-wa ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... A high speed LM319 comparator is used. Extra circuitry was required to protect the comparator inputs, and meet its input common mode and differential mode requirements. The emitter of the comparator output transistor is wired to primary side gate drive. This ensures that the synchronous MOSFET will ...
Andre_Carpenter_02072014_tracked_version - Proof
Andre_Carpenter_02072014_tracked_version - Proof

... stage as well as in the control loop feedback path. Power stage isolation is generally realized by application of an electromagnetic or piezoelectric transformer while opto-couplers are very widely used to provide isolation in the feedback loop. One of the disadvantages of opto-couplers is their low ...
Andre_Carpenter_02072014_clean_version - Proof
Andre_Carpenter_02072014_clean_version - Proof

... stage as well as in the control loop feedback path. Power stage isolation is generally realized by application of an electromagnetic or piezoelectric transformer while opto-couplers are very widely used to provide isolation in the feedback loop. One of the disadvantages of opto-couplers is their low ...
Chapter 2 - Sacramento - California State University
Chapter 2 - Sacramento - California State University

... (Output Compare Pin). The maximum timer/counter (TOP) value is assigned to OCR1A register, so this register can not be used for generating a PWM output for motor control. This maximum counter value can be 0x00FF, 0x01FF or 0x03FF depending on application. Byte addressable 16-bit register OCR1A/B can ...
100 watt DC servo amplifier by Power MOSFET
100 watt DC servo amplifier by Power MOSFET

... - That is, when the over load, will higher the temperature of MOSFET but values resistance of the MOSFET then be higher. (In normal transistors, the resistance will decrease.) As a result, the current through the MOSFET lower - If install the heat sink the appropriate size, then can be easily shorte ...
Presentation Title Here
Presentation Title Here

... single-supply systems. The blocking capacitor is required to prevent high DC current through the load. ...
TEMESCAL MODEL CV-12SLX ELECTRON BEAM POWER SUPPLY
TEMESCAL MODEL CV-12SLX ELECTRON BEAM POWER SUPPLY

SurePower QL10513 13.0kW and 3.5kW, 13.56
SurePower QL10513 13.0kW and 3.5kW, 13.56

T4500 Manual
T4500 Manual

... according to the specifications of the circuit breaker. The T4500 compensa­tes for this make time so that the circuit breaker will close exactly at zero phase. The circuit breaker closing signal is a pulse signal of 0.7 seconds duration at terminals 9 and 10 (CLOSE). A connec­ tion between terminals ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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