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Testing Harmonics and Flicker 1 106-040/1 Harmonics & Flicker Two different test standards: EN61000-3-2 & EN61000-3-3 1. EN 61000-3-2 controls the level of distortion of the current drawn by all equipment rated up to 16 amps. 2. EN61000-3-3 controls the level of voltages changes that equipment rated up to 16 amps will impose on the ac supply. • Both standards have evolved over time – – – – 2 Harmonic standard. originally called IEC 555 Part 2 1987 Flicker standard. originally called IEC 555 Part 3 1987 Now referred to as EN61000-3-2 & EN61000-3-3 Standards EN is short for Euro Norm; the version enforceable in law in European countries. The EN is usually identical to the IEC version. 106-040/1 Current Harmonic Distortion Input Voltage Load Input Current Capacitor Voltage Capacitor Current (Charging when input voltage greater than capacitor volts) 3 Most modern power supplies draw current that is nonsinusoidal. 106-040/1 Current Harmonic Distortion The distorted current causes problems for electricity suppliers, consumers and product manufacturers. • The extra distorted current drawn does no useful work. The power factor is < 1, or VxA>W This means more electricity must be generated, distributed and paid for than is consumed as useful energy. • The current distortion leads to to the phenomenon of triplen harmonic currents flowing in the neutral of three-phase systems – a fire risk in large office installations. • and to voltage distortion that can cause overheating in motors. 4 106-040/1 Current Harmonic Distortion 50HZ 100HZ 150HZ 5 Fourier analysis is used to describe any repetitive waveform in terms of sinewaves that are at multiples of the fundamental frequency. EN61000-3-2 controls current distortion by setting limits for the amplitude of the 1st 40 current harmonics. 106-040/1 Requirements of EN61000-4-7 • How to measure to the harmonics is defined by EN61000-4-7 • It is a not a simple requirement. The following measurements must be made: • Power, Power Factor , Voltage Harmonics, Fundamental Current, POHC (Partial Odd Harmonic Current) as well as Current Harmonics. • And in a very specific way: NEW REQUIREMENTS • Measurements are made every 200mS, continuously without gaps. (10 cycles @ 50Hz, 12 cycles @ 60Hz). • Inter-harmonics must also be measured for current harmonics 6 106-040/1 Requirements of EN61000-4-7 t W V A PF F AH 01 AH 02 AH 03 AH … AH 40 VH 01 VH 02 VH 03 VH … VH 40 180.56 230.10 1.21322 0.6468 49.998 1.0123 0.0023 0.3129 t+ 200mS 182.34 230.10 1.2542 0.6318 49.999 1.0767 0.0023 0.3134 t+ 400ms 184.12 230.10 1.2672 0.6315 50.001 1.0854 0.0024 0.3256 0.0013 230.05 0.0123 0.0210 0.0013 230.05 0.0123 0.0210 0.0012 0.0012 … … Average Maximum 180.05 184.12 1.0234 1.0854 0.0024 0.3256 0.0014 230.05 0.0123 0.0210 0.0013 230.05 0.0123 0.0210 0.0014 230.05 0.0123 0.0210 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 • Harmonic measurements every 200mS - 400+ measurements! • Continuous no-gap analysis • All measurements filtered by 1.5s time-constant filter 7 106-040/1 Inter-harmonic groups 8 106-040/1 Example Inter-harmonic group • 6th harmonic (300Hz @ 50Hz) 1/2 9 1/2 106-040/1 Applying Limits to Harmonics EN61000-3-2 • The limits for pass and fail are set by product groups called Classes: • The limits are different for each harmonic and each of the 4 classes, A, B, C &D • Class Determination is :• If device power is 75-600W and a PC , Monitor or TV then Class D • If handheld portable tool, then Class B • If Luminaries then Class C • If not Class B ,C, or D, or 3 phase then class A. 10 106-040/1 Applying Limits to Harmonics - EN61000-3-2 Example Class C limits - calculated from AH01 and PF • Information from the PC Software ‘Help’ system 11 106-040/1 Applying Limits to Harmonics - EN61000-3-2 Limit 2 Limit 1 12 106-040/1 Applying Limits to Harmonics - EN61000-3-2 Maximum reading Vs Limit 2 Average reading Vs Limit 1 • Limits are set for the average of each harmonic during the test (L1) AND the maximum of each harmonic (L2). 13 106-040/1 Flicker - Causes The AC supply cabling to a building will have a source impedance Any variation of loads will cause a voltage change at the distribution point This fluctuation of voltage will then make the lamps “Flicker” 14 106-040/1 Flicker –The Pst = 1 Curve • The Human tolerance to light flicker is mapped on the Pst = 1curve. • Any point on the curve has the same perceived level of annoyance • Pst = Perceptibility short term 15 106-040/1 EN61000-4-15 – The Flickermeter • For real-life random voltage changes, a flickermeter is used is used to duplicate the human perception of flicker. • A flickermeter measures rms voltage changes every half-cycle (10ms) and filters the measurements just like the lamp-eye-brain chain. • The filtered changes are classified to generate a table of the probability that a ‘class’ of voltage change will occur. 16 106-040/1 Flicker Pst test results from Voltech software 17 106-040/1 Measurement Equipment The Harmonics and Flicker standards require fast and accurate analysis of electrical power quantities: • Continuous harmonics: • 400+ measurements every 200ms. • Discrete Fourier Transform for a reference instrument. • Continuous voltage changes: • every 10ms (1/2 cycle@50 Hz), • real-time flickermeter processing. • Limit checking and reports • Calculation of harmonic limits from averaged and maximum readings • Comparison to different class limits • Recording and presentation of results 18 106-040/1 The PM6000 Up to 6 wattmeter channels Accuracy: 0.02% of reading, 0.05% of range Bandwidth: 10MHz Sampling rate: 40 MSPS Display: Bright color VGA Connectivity: RS232, IEEE488, Printer, Ethernet Connectivity (Future Release): PCMCIA for analog I/O including torque and speed, USB 19 106-040/1 PM6000 Measurement Channel • Built on 15+ years of Voltech analog know-how • Unrivalled accuracy and bandwidth combination • Layout and timing minimise phase delay for best Watts accuracy A- D Convertor • 14-bit • 40MSPS Max • 5MSPS Min PCI Bus • Continuous 5 MSPS data from every channel. • No analysis gaps, no missing data ±5V i DSP 200MHz Isolation • 4kVpk • CMRR: • 140dB @ 60Hz • 95dB @ 1MHz 20 v ±12V Pulse Transformers • Data and control. • Provide superior CMRR than optoisolators 106-040/1 Why the Voltech PM6000? Processing power to perform discrete Fourier transform (DFT) analysis, harmonics and inter-harmonics every 200mS P Simultaneous voltage, current, power (W) and PF measurements as required P EN61000-4-7 calls for synchronization accuracy of +/- 0.03%. P 0.02% EN61000-4-7 calls for crest factor of up to 4. P 20 EN61000-4-7 calls for nominal current input overload times 10 for 1 second. P 250A Accuracy of voltage and current measurements 10 to 100 times better than standard requires. P Powerful PC software with comprehensive ‘help’ system P Full compliance tests with an AC source, or accurate pre-compliance from the ac line P 20 years of digital power analyzer know-how. P 21 106-040/1 References Harmonic Limits IEC 61000-3-2 -Consol.Ed.2.1 (2001) All electrical and electronic equipment up to 16A. 220 to 240V 50 or 60Hz. IEC 61000-3-12. All electrical and electronic equipment rated 16A to 75A. 230/400V 50 or 60Hz. Harmonic Measuring Equipment IEC 61000-4-7 (2002)200ms window and Interharmonics requirement mandatory end 2007 Flicker Limits IEC 61000-3-3 -Consol.Ed.1.1 (2001) All electrical and electronic equipment up to 16A. 220 to 250V line to neutral at 50Hz. IEC 61000-3-11 Ed.1 (2000) All electrical and electronic equipment 16A to 75A. 220 to 250V 50Hz. Flickermeters IEC 61000-4-15 Ed.1.1.(2003) Help information Voltech IEC61000 software for the PM6000. Standards from: www.iec.ch Software from: www.voltech.com (free download). 22 106-040/1 End of Presentation Thanks for listening! 23 106-040/1