Paired with Lecture
... • These phase diagrams are based on the concept of Gibbs Free Energy, DG, which we have briefly introduced before: DG is the thermodynamic driving force for a reaction If DG is negative then there is a probability that a reaction will occur. The more negative DG becomes, the more driving force ...
... • These phase diagrams are based on the concept of Gibbs Free Energy, DG, which we have briefly introduced before: DG is the thermodynamic driving force for a reaction If DG is negative then there is a probability that a reaction will occur. The more negative DG becomes, the more driving force ...
AP Chemistry 2015-‐‑2016 Name: Chapter 5: Thermodynamics
... 16) A gas is confined to a cylinder with a piston under constant atmospheric pressure (fig. 5.3). When the gas reacts, it releases 79 kJ of heat to its surroundings and does 18 kJ of P-‐ ...
... 16) A gas is confined to a cylinder with a piston under constant atmospheric pressure (fig. 5.3). When the gas reacts, it releases 79 kJ of heat to its surroundings and does 18 kJ of P-‐ ...
Chemistry (English) Grade 11 and 12
... atoms for the alkanes. (The question would be totally different yet the reasoning would be similar when “alkanes” is replaced by “aldehydes” or “ketones” or “alcohols”). You must know (because you learnt it before!) that the alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2. So you should be able to find ...
... atoms for the alkanes. (The question would be totally different yet the reasoning would be similar when “alkanes” is replaced by “aldehydes” or “ketones” or “alcohols”). You must know (because you learnt it before!) that the alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2. So you should be able to find ...
Thermo fundamentals
... 1. Easy to analyse, as System passes through series of Equilibriums. 2. Serve as Idealised Model for actual Processes to be compared for analysis. 3. Viewed as Theoretical Limit for corresponding irreversible one. Reversible Process leads to the definition of Second Law Efficiency; which is Degree o ...
... 1. Easy to analyse, as System passes through series of Equilibriums. 2. Serve as Idealised Model for actual Processes to be compared for analysis. 3. Viewed as Theoretical Limit for corresponding irreversible one. Reversible Process leads to the definition of Second Law Efficiency; which is Degree o ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... It can’t be touched, but can be felt. It can’t be opened, but can be gone into. Those who seek it always find it under something, yet it moves from place to place ...
... It can’t be touched, but can be felt. It can’t be opened, but can be gone into. Those who seek it always find it under something, yet it moves from place to place ...
AP Electrochemistry Class Packet Unit 10
... 3.C.3 Electrochemistry shows the interconversion between chemical and electrical energy in galvanic and electrolytic cells. 6.A.4 The magnitude of the equilibrium constant K, can be used to determine whether the equilibrium lies toward the reactant side or the product side. 6.A.2 The current s ...
... 3.C.3 Electrochemistry shows the interconversion between chemical and electrical energy in galvanic and electrolytic cells. 6.A.4 The magnitude of the equilibrium constant K, can be used to determine whether the equilibrium lies toward the reactant side or the product side. 6.A.2 The current s ...
8 Elementary statistical thermodynamics
... 8.2.4 Electron and atomic nucleus The differences between energy levels of electron motion and nucleus motion are big enough to keep the electrons and nuclei stay at their ground states. Both degree of degeneracy, ge,0, for electron motion at ground state and degree of degeneracy, gn,0, for nucleus ...
... 8.2.4 Electron and atomic nucleus The differences between energy levels of electron motion and nucleus motion are big enough to keep the electrons and nuclei stay at their ground states. Both degree of degeneracy, ge,0, for electron motion at ground state and degree of degeneracy, gn,0, for nucleus ...
Chem 321 Lecture 11 - Chemical Activities
... The difference between the activity of solute ion An (aA) and its formal concentration ([An]) arises because of ionic interactions between mobile ions in a solution. Individual ions in solution are surrounded by ions of opposite charge (they are shielded). Consequently, the formal charge an ion proj ...
... The difference between the activity of solute ion An (aA) and its formal concentration ([An]) arises because of ionic interactions between mobile ions in a solution. Individual ions in solution are surrounded by ions of opposite charge (they are shielded). Consequently, the formal charge an ion proj ...
chapter6 modified
... Heat involves the transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature difference. Work – force acting over a distance. Energy is a state function; work and heat are not State Function – property that does not depend in any way on the system’s past or future (only depends on present sta ...
... Heat involves the transfer of energy between two objects due to a temperature difference. Work – force acting over a distance. Energy is a state function; work and heat are not State Function – property that does not depend in any way on the system’s past or future (only depends on present sta ...
Part II - American Chemical Society
... Part II of this test requires that student answers be written in a response booklet of blank pages. Only this “Blue Book” is graded for a score on Part II. Testing materials, scratch paper, and the “Blue Book” should be made available to the student only during the examination period. All testing ma ...
... Part II of this test requires that student answers be written in a response booklet of blank pages. Only this “Blue Book” is graded for a score on Part II. Testing materials, scratch paper, and the “Blue Book” should be made available to the student only during the examination period. All testing ma ...
Selection of Thermodynamic Methods
... and T are zero so ∆G = ∆H. The relationship shows ∆S becoming of increasing importance as the temperature increases. Adsorption Processes The enthalpy change is ∆H = ∆G + T∆S with ∆G being necessarily negative. All adsorptions with negative entropy change, which comprise all physical and the great m ...
... and T are zero so ∆G = ∆H. The relationship shows ∆S becoming of increasing importance as the temperature increases. Adsorption Processes The enthalpy change is ∆H = ∆G + T∆S with ∆G being necessarily negative. All adsorptions with negative entropy change, which comprise all physical and the great m ...
Document
... Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations. All chemical changes involve a transfer of energy, be it into the reaction or out of the reaction. Transformed energy in a chemical reaction comes from or forms chemical bonds and is exchanged with the surroundings as heat and/or work. W ...
... Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations. All chemical changes involve a transfer of energy, be it into the reaction or out of the reaction. Transformed energy in a chemical reaction comes from or forms chemical bonds and is exchanged with the surroundings as heat and/or work. W ...
In Class Problems and Notes AP Chemistry General Equilibrium
... pressure P. State whether the partial pressure of NH3(g) will have increased, decreased, or remained the same when equilibrium is reestablished after each of the following disturbances of the original system. Some solid NH4Cl remains in the flask at all times. Justify each answer with a one-or-two s ...
... pressure P. State whether the partial pressure of NH3(g) will have increased, decreased, or remained the same when equilibrium is reestablished after each of the following disturbances of the original system. Some solid NH4Cl remains in the flask at all times. Justify each answer with a one-or-two s ...
Chemistr.e1a.chapter.4.new2015
... Let’s consider two new acids that you have never encountered before: benzoic acid and gallic acid. Both are colorless white solids and monoprotic acids. a. Let ‘HBen’ represent benzoic acid and ‘HGal represent gallic acid. Write a complete, balanced equation for the neutralization of HBen with NaOH ...
... Let’s consider two new acids that you have never encountered before: benzoic acid and gallic acid. Both are colorless white solids and monoprotic acids. a. Let ‘HBen’ represent benzoic acid and ‘HGal represent gallic acid. Write a complete, balanced equation for the neutralization of HBen with NaOH ...
MATTER-Ch. 3-homogeneous vs. heterogeneous, elements
... a. always more than the total mass of the products. b. always less than the total mass of the products. c. sometimes more and sometimes less than the total mass of the products. d. always equal to the total mass of the products. ____ 36. A chemical equation is balanced when the a. coefficients of th ...
... a. always more than the total mass of the products. b. always less than the total mass of the products. c. sometimes more and sometimes less than the total mass of the products. d. always equal to the total mass of the products. ____ 36. A chemical equation is balanced when the a. coefficients of th ...
International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 77, 871-879
... key technical concepts underpinning these codes is given in Ref. [22], although we note that there have been considerable developments since that review was written. Our work on the melting of Al was performed with the VASP code [23, 24], which is particularly stable and robust for metallic systems. ...
... key technical concepts underpinning these codes is given in Ref. [22], although we note that there have been considerable developments since that review was written. Our work on the melting of Al was performed with the VASP code [23, 24], which is particularly stable and robust for metallic systems. ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... Why are we interested in quasi-static processes? As engineers, we are all interested in quasi-static processes: Firstly because they are easy to analyze; Secondly if you are looking at work-producing devices or power generating devices, these devices generate maximum work when they are operating on ...
... Why are we interested in quasi-static processes? As engineers, we are all interested in quasi-static processes: Firstly because they are easy to analyze; Secondly if you are looking at work-producing devices or power generating devices, these devices generate maximum work when they are operating on ...
Chemical thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes.The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the ""fundamental equations of Gibbs"" can be derived. From these four, a multitude of equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system can be derived using relatively simple mathematics. This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.