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Chapter 5—Chemical Reactions
Chapter 5—Chemical Reactions

... 5.6—Replacement Reactions • Single-replacement reactions—one element replaces another in a compound. They are always redox reactions because an element turns into an ion and an ion turns into an element • The general form of the equation for a single replacement reaction (also known as substitution ...
Problem Solving Drill - Rapid Learning Center
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Chapter 7: The Mole and Chemical Composition
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... ____ 10. The smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination with other such particles of the same or different elements is the a. electron. b. proton. c. neutron. d. atom. ____ 11. The atomic number of oxygen, 8, indicates that there are eight a. protons in the nucleus. c. ...
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Isotopic labeling



Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope, or an atom with a variation, through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell. The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing specific atoms by their isotope. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the products is measured to determine the sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling is called radiolabeling.In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their mass, vibrational mode, or radioactive decay. Mass spectrometry detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while infrared spectroscopy detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of phenol (C6H5OH) in water by replacing common hydrogen (protium) with deuterium (deuterium labeling). Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D2O in addition to the usual H2O), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C6H5OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Only the hydroxyl group was affected, indicating that the other 5 hydrogen atoms did not participate in these exchange reactions.
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