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Chapter 6 Section 3
Chapter 6 Section 3

... itself and many other elements  Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds—pg. 157  Carbon can form straight chains, branched chains or rings ...
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... The energy of the level ___________________ as the distance from the nucleus increases, and electrons fill the energy levels from the inside out, or from ____________ to _____________ energy. Atoms can be found in the ground state or the excited state. A _______________ state atom will fill the firs ...
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... relative atomic mass is therefore calculated using the equation: • (% of isotope 1 × mass of isotope 1) + (% of isotope 2 × mass of isotope 2) ÷ 100 So in the case of chlorine: ...
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Isotopic labeling



Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope, or an atom with a variation, through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell. The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing specific atoms by their isotope. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the products is measured to determine the sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling is called radiolabeling.In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their mass, vibrational mode, or radioactive decay. Mass spectrometry detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while infrared spectroscopy detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of phenol (C6H5OH) in water by replacing common hydrogen (protium) with deuterium (deuterium labeling). Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D2O in addition to the usual H2O), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C6H5OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Only the hydroxyl group was affected, indicating that the other 5 hydrogen atoms did not participate in these exchange reactions.
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