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Arnoldi
Honors Chemistry
Atomic Theory One
Review
1. Definitions
a. Atoms
b. Atomic Number
c. Mass Number
d. Nucleons
e. anion
f. cation
g. ion
h. isotopes
i. Quantum
j. Quanta
k. Photon
l. Radioactivity
m. Electromagnetic Radiation
n. Half-Life
2. How do we see individual atoms?
3. Which of the following appear on the periodic table?
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Mass Number
4. What controls the identity of the atom?
5. Subatomic Particles:
Particle
Charge
Mass (Two Ways)
Proton
Electron
Neutron
6. What controls the charge of the particle?
7. How do we form cations?
8. How do we form anions?
9. Describe Quarks
10. Why do isotopes have different masses?
11. What are the three isotopes of hydrogen?
Location in Atom
In Nucleus
12. Fill in the following table:
Isotope
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
41
Ca+2
2
8
235
2
10
U
P-3
13. Compare Continuous and Discontinuous matter theories.
14. Fill in the Blanks
_______________ was a Greek philosopher who first used the term “atom”, which means
__________________. He thought atoms were tiny and __________________. He created the
__________________ theory of matter, which stated that matter is _____ one continuous piece.
15. Fill in the Blanks
In the 18th century, we had the first ______________ evidence that could support the
idea of an atom. Antoine Lavoisier discussed the Law of _____________________________, and
Joseph Proust discussed the Law of _____________________________, which states that a
chemical compound contains the elements in exactly the same proportions by _____________,
regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound.
16. Fill in the Blanks
John Dalton discussed the Law of _________________________
which stated that if
two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the
masses of the second element, combined with a certain mass of the first element, is always a ratio
of __________________________. Dalton stated four thoughts about atomic theory: (1) All
matter is made up of atoms which are ___________________ and _______________________,
(2) Atoms of the same element are identical – in particular their ______________ are the same,
(3) Atoms of different elements are completely different, in particular their _______________
are different, and (4)
Atoms combine in ______________________________ to form
compounds. (They due this via chemical reactions which are the result of the _______________
or _________________ of atoms. Dalton’s atomic model was a ____________________.
17. Fill in the Blanks
Today, we agree that matter is made of ____________________, atoms do combine in
_____________________________ ratios, and chemical reactions are the result of the
_____________________ / ____________________ of atoms.
18. Fill in the Blanks
However, we disagree with some of Dalton’s ideas, because we know that atoms are divisible
into _____________________, and atoms are destructible via ___________________reactions
(we can create atoms in nuclear reactions, also). Also, atoms of different elements can have the
______________ mass, and atoms of the same element can have _________________ masses
because of ____________________.
19. Fill in the Blanks
A guy named William Crookes had the next impact on atomic theory. Crooke’s studied the
behavior of gases in vacuum tubes (aka ____________________), which were the forerunners of
picture tubes in _________________. Crookes theorized that some kind of radiation or particles
was traveling from the cathode across the tube. He called this radiation __________________.
Draw a cathode ray tube below. Label the + and - charges, the cathode ray, and the cathode and
anode.
cathode ray (must start at the cathode and move toward the anode)
20. Fill in the Blanks
J.J. Thomson used Crookes tube to discover the ___________________. He determined
that the electron had a ___________________ charge by bending the ray in the Cathode Ray
tube using + and – fields. The ray bent _____________________ the positive field. The ray bent
_________________ the negative field.
From this data, and knowing that likes repel and
opposites attract, Thomson decided that since the ray is attracted to the positive field, and
repelled by the negative field, it must be ____________________. Thus, he determined that the
_________________ is a stream of negatively charged which he called __________________.
His atomic model was called the ______________________ model.
21. Fill in the Blanks
Thomson and Milliken worked together on the ____________________ in which they
discovered
the
mass
of
the
electron
to
be
9.11
X
10-28
grams
which
is
nearly
___________________. This can also be expressed as 1/1837 amu. (protons and neutrons have a
mass of ___________________). They also determined that the charge is 1.602X10-19 coulomb
which this is the smallest charge ever detected.
22. Fill in the Blanks
The next major contributor to Atomic Theory was Eugene Goldstein who in 1886 found
evidence for the ____________________.
23. Fill in the Blanks
Rutherford
used
the
___________________________
to
discover
the
atom’s
_______________. Give a basic rendering of this experiment below. Rutherford bombarded gold
foil with ___________________ which are _______________________ Helium atoms. He saw
that most of the particles ___________________, but a few were ___________________.
Since alpha particles are positive, they must have hit something __________________ inside of
the atom (likes ________________). From these results, Rutherford concluded that there is a
_________________________________________________ center in the atom, which he
called
the
____________________.
He
also
concluded
that
the
atom
is
mostly
__________________, and that the bulk of the mass of the atom is in the center. Rutherford
knew that the electrons where __________________ the nucleus, occupying most of the volume
of the atom. However, he couldn’t explain why, if electrons are negative, and the center of the atom
is positive, they weren’t attracted to the center of the atom. Draw
the
Gold
Foil
Experiment.
Include: alpha particles, what most particles do, and what a few particles do.
24. Fill in the Blanks
James Chadwick confirmed the existence of the _______________ by bombarding
beryllium atoms with alpha particles via the following equation:
4
9
He
2
+
12
Be
4
1
C
6
+
n
0
25. Fill in the Blanks
Niels Bohr said that electrons reside in ______________________, aka energy shells.
The energy of the level ___________________ as the distance from the nucleus increases, and
electrons fill the energy levels from the inside out, or from ____________ to _____________
energy. Atoms can be found in the ground state or the excited state. A _______________ state
atom will fill the first shell before moving to the second, the second before moving to the third,
etc. The last shell (the outermost shell) may or may not be filled. This is the lowest possible energy
state. An _________________ state atom has an inside shell that is NOT filled before moving
to the next shell. It is NOT in the lowest possible energy state. Another name for the ground
state is the ________________
state.
Another name for the excited state is the
_________________ state. To move from one shell to another, or to move from one energy level
to another, you must gain or lose the exact amount of energy between those two levels.
26. Draw a Bohr Diagram for each of the following:
a. Lithium Atom
b. Phosphorus Ion
c. Potassium Ion
27. What is an alpha particle?
Complete the following alpha particle radiation equation below:
4
He
2
+
9
Be
4
1

+
n
0
28. What is a beta particle?
Complete the following beta particle radiation equation below:
234
Th 
90
0
+
e
-1
29. What is a Gamma Ray?
30. The half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days. What mass of this isotope remains from a 4.00 g sample
after 32 days?
31. The starting mass of a radioactive isotope was 20.0g. Its half-life is two days. The mass is now
2.5g. How old is the sample?
32. A sample of radioactive matter has a mass of 10.5g. It is 24 hours old, and its half-life is 6
hours. What was the original mass of the sample?
PROBLEMS
1. What is the atomic mass for element B?
2. Find the %’s of 2 isotopes of element X given the following information:
3. Element Q consists of two naturally occurring isotopes: Isotope One’s abundance is 43.55 % and
its mass is 40.009 amu. If the average atomic mass of the element is 41.956 amu, what is the
percent abundance and exact mass of the other isotope?