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A2 2, Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and
A2 2, Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and

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... Molecule CH3F has dipole moment : = 1.81 D. This is smaller than that of CH3Cl, with : = 1.87 D. This is surprising at first glance: based upon the relative electronegativities of F and Cl, you would predict the opposite to be the case! Using concepts from your study of general and organic chemistry ...
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... tall. Suppose a column of Hg is set up where the bath is open to the atmosphere, and the column height of Hg is 760.0 mm with the top of the enclosed column being a vacuum. Next, suppose some diethyl ether (a volatile liquid) is injected into the top of the vacuum above the Hg column such that the s ...
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Bioorthogonal chemistry



The term bioorthogonal chemistry refers to any chemical reaction that can occur inside of living systems without interfering with native biochemical processes. The term was coined by Carolyn R. Bertozzi in 2003. Since its introduction, the concept of the bioorthogonal reaction has enabled the study of biomolecules such as glycans, proteins, and lipids in real time in living systems without cellular toxicity. A number of chemical ligation strategies have been developed that fulfill the requirements of bioorthogonality, including the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and cyclooctynes (also termed copper-free click chemistry), between nitrones and cyclooctynes, oxime/hydrazone formation from aldehydes and ketones, the tetrazine ligation, the isocyanide-based click reaction, and most recently, the quadricyclane ligation.The use of bioorthogonal chemistry typically proceeds in two steps. First, a cellular substrate is modified with a bioorthogonal functional group (chemical reporter) and introduced to the cell; substrates include metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, etc. The chemical reporter must not alter the structure of the substrate dramatically to avoid affecting its bioactivity. Secondly, a probe containing the complementary functional group is introduced to react and label the substrate.Although effective bioorthogonal reactions such as copper-free click chemistry have been developed, development of new reactions continues to generate orthogonal methods for labeling to allow multiple methods of labeling to be used in the same biosystems.
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