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Harmonic Issues of AEP Welsh HVDC System
Harmonic Issues of AEP Welsh HVDC System

... At low power transfers (below 100 MW), the firing angle is very close to its upper limit leaving no margin for voltage control. The high AC voltage can cause the following issues: ...
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... When needed, it can be installed. And when not needed, it can be removed and replaced with an ordinary front panel. Thus the cost will be greatly reduced. The input can receive not only the digital input but also the analogue input to perform the control and . transmission of fthe temperature, moist ...
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... Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particu ...
Lab 1 - University of Kentucky College of Engineering
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... Once the interface comes up, enter an amplitude and frequency in the boxes and click the RUN button. The scope and function generator will respond to the GPIB commands sent from the program to the instruments. Once the instruments have stabilized, the program will then read from the instruments (usi ...
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Name of the participant: D .Padma Subhashini
Name of the participant: D .Padma Subhashini

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... determined by the size of the ‘pot’. For example a 1kΩ pot can vary it’s resistance from 0Ω to 1000Ω (1kΩ ). Some pots are designed to be mounted on printed circuit boards (P.C.B.s) and have three pins that would be placed in holes in the board and then soldered in position. Others require 10 turns ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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