Long Run and Short Run Effects of Government Expenditures on
... The reforms in the Soviet/Socialist system started at the end of 1980s when dysfunctions of the centrally planned economy brought the system to the brink of collapse. Despite the fact that strategies of market reforms in the former Socialist bloc differ from country to country, they all have common ...
... The reforms in the Soviet/Socialist system started at the end of 1980s when dysfunctions of the centrally planned economy brought the system to the brink of collapse. Despite the fact that strategies of market reforms in the former Socialist bloc differ from country to country, they all have common ...
Fluctuations in Emerging Economies: Regional and Global Factors
... increase their consumption at a higher rate than output. This additional demand is satisfied with increased imports, hence the negative correlation between trade balance and output on the one hand, and excess consumption fluctuations relative to output on the other. Although the trend shock hypothes ...
... increase their consumption at a higher rate than output. This additional demand is satisfied with increased imports, hence the negative correlation between trade balance and output on the one hand, and excess consumption fluctuations relative to output on the other. Although the trend shock hypothes ...
Achieving full employment in the transition economies
... stabilization and growth; (ii) privatization and restructuring; and (iii) the labour market and the social security system. Performance under these three heads influences employment. First, stability in aggregate employment requires a stable overall balance between the production of goods and servic ...
... stabilization and growth; (ii) privatization and restructuring; and (iii) the labour market and the social security system. Performance under these three heads influences employment. First, stability in aggregate employment requires a stable overall balance between the production of goods and servic ...
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... Bank that could if it wished, at a pinch, eliminate in any case a small gap with the Maastricht target value. Both for inflation and interest rates the comparison with the so-called Club Med countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece) two years before their entry into the euro area is encouraging ...
... Bank that could if it wished, at a pinch, eliminate in any case a small gap with the Maastricht target value. Both for inflation and interest rates the comparison with the so-called Club Med countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece) two years before their entry into the euro area is encouraging ...
Rising Inequality in Asia
... • There appears to be a positive, statistically significant relationship between the increase in Gini coefficient and GDP growth • The change in the quintile ratio is more pronounced than the change in the Gini in all 12 countries – suggesting rising inequality has been driven by the rich getting ri ...
... • There appears to be a positive, statistically significant relationship between the increase in Gini coefficient and GDP growth • The change in the quintile ratio is more pronounced than the change in the Gini in all 12 countries – suggesting rising inequality has been driven by the rich getting ri ...
The World in 2050 Will the shift in global economic power
... the largest economy in purchasing power parity (PPP2) terms. In market exchange rate (MER) terms, we project China to overtake the US in 2028 despite its projected growth slowdown. India has the potential to become the second largest economy in the world by 2050 in PPP terms (third in MER terms), al ...
... the largest economy in purchasing power parity (PPP2) terms. In market exchange rate (MER) terms, we project China to overtake the US in 2028 despite its projected growth slowdown. India has the potential to become the second largest economy in the world by 2050 in PPP terms (third in MER terms), al ...
The World in 2050 Will the shift in global economic power continue?
... the largest economy in purchasing power parity (PPP2) terms. In market exchange rate (MER) terms, we project China to overtake the US in 2028 despite its projected growth slowdown. India has the potential to become the second largest economy in the world by 2050 in PPP terms (third in MER terms), al ...
... the largest economy in purchasing power parity (PPP2) terms. In market exchange rate (MER) terms, we project China to overtake the US in 2028 despite its projected growth slowdown. India has the potential to become the second largest economy in the world by 2050 in PPP terms (third in MER terms), al ...
Recent Changes in Europe`s Competitive Landscape. How the
... EU-27 between 2001-2005 and 2006-2011 (Table 1). In the "old" EU-15, representing the member states before 2004, both GDP growth and GDP per capita growth fell between periods in all economies, except Germany and the Netherlands. For the new member states (EU-12), only Poland (and Malta) saw an incr ...
... EU-27 between 2001-2005 and 2006-2011 (Table 1). In the "old" EU-15, representing the member states before 2004, both GDP growth and GDP per capita growth fell between periods in all economies, except Germany and the Netherlands. For the new member states (EU-12), only Poland (and Malta) saw an incr ...
The United States and the Large Emerging
... economically significant LEMs includes countries that may take leadership roles on a certain issue—for example, Saudi Arabia on energy issues. It is convenient to identify this larger group of LEMs with the 11 large emerging-market economies that are members of the Group of Twenty (G-20) finance min ...
... economically significant LEMs includes countries that may take leadership roles on a certain issue—for example, Saudi Arabia on energy issues. It is convenient to identify this larger group of LEMs with the 11 large emerging-market economies that are members of the Group of Twenty (G-20) finance min ...
Chapter 6 - Matt Golder
... Przeworski et al. (2000) highlight modernization theory’s claim that countries will become democratic as they develop economically, Lipset (1959, 75) argues that modernization theory also implies that democracy will be more likely to survive in economically developed countries—as he puts it, “the mo ...
... Przeworski et al. (2000) highlight modernization theory’s claim that countries will become democratic as they develop economically, Lipset (1959, 75) argues that modernization theory also implies that democracy will be more likely to survive in economically developed countries—as he puts it, “the mo ...
Civil war and post conflict reconstruction in Africa
... example, the damage to electricity installations may reduce electricity generation, resulting in severe power shortages; this was observed in Burundi in the mid-1990s. Some firms responded by investing in their own generators, using important financial resources that could have been used for other p ...
... example, the damage to electricity installations may reduce electricity generation, resulting in severe power shortages; this was observed in Burundi in the mid-1990s. Some firms responded by investing in their own generators, using important financial resources that could have been used for other p ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND CAPITAL FLOWS: Francisco J. Buera
... these countries, domestic financial markets remained relatively underdeveloped until the late 1990s. In our model, the elimination of idiosyncratic distortions leads to a sustained growth in productivity. TFP rises because the removal of idiosyncratic distortions leads to efficient reallocation of r ...
... these countries, domestic financial markets remained relatively underdeveloped until the late 1990s. In our model, the elimination of idiosyncratic distortions leads to a sustained growth in productivity. TFP rises because the removal of idiosyncratic distortions leads to efficient reallocation of r ...
Gaddy, Dean, “Russian oil major Yukos implements western
... Macroeconomic indicators of output1 Gross domestic product (GDP) — total value of production of all new goods and services in an economy over a fixed period of time and is most often measured per year Exchange rate (FX) — ratio between the values of two currencies and is determined on the internatio ...
... Macroeconomic indicators of output1 Gross domestic product (GDP) — total value of production of all new goods and services in an economy over a fixed period of time and is most often measured per year Exchange rate (FX) — ratio between the values of two currencies and is determined on the internatio ...
Kangur - European Commission
... to such model-based policy impact evaluations (Lucas, 1976). In particular, the relationship between public investment policies and private sector supply-side responses - matters that were at the heart of the CSF - were not very well understood or articulated from a modelling point of view. The revi ...
... to such model-based policy impact evaluations (Lucas, 1976). In particular, the relationship between public investment policies and private sector supply-side responses - matters that were at the heart of the CSF - were not very well understood or articulated from a modelling point of view. The revi ...
FRBSF E L
... impact on economic growth. At first glance, the adoption of inflation targeting appears to have boosted GDP growth about half a percentage point in advanced economies and did not make much difference in developing economies (Figure 2B). However, such simple comparisons can be misleading because many ...
... impact on economic growth. At first glance, the adoption of inflation targeting appears to have boosted GDP growth about half a percentage point in advanced economies and did not make much difference in developing economies (Figure 2B). However, such simple comparisons can be misleading because many ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DOLLARIZATION, INFLATION AND GROWTH Sebastian Edwards I. Igal Magendzo
... positive effects of dollarization on growth and overall macroeconomic performance. According to Eichengreen (2001) the evidence on the relationship between monetary regimes and growth is inconclusive, and does not support the claim that dollarization – or any exchange rate regime, for that matter – ...
... positive effects of dollarization on growth and overall macroeconomic performance. According to Eichengreen (2001) the evidence on the relationship between monetary regimes and growth is inconclusive, and does not support the claim that dollarization – or any exchange rate regime, for that matter – ...
A Population and Sample Selection Effects in Measuring International Income Inequality*
... Firebaugh’s work is based on data from the Penn World Table, Mark 5.6a (Summers et al 1994), henceforth PWT. The Penn World Table (PWT) is a set of purchasing power parity (PPP) based estimates of income per capita figures for over 140 nations, built around the benchmarks established by the United Na ...
... Firebaugh’s work is based on data from the Penn World Table, Mark 5.6a (Summers et al 1994), henceforth PWT. The Penn World Table (PWT) is a set of purchasing power parity (PPP) based estimates of income per capita figures for over 140 nations, built around the benchmarks established by the United Na ...
Income Inequality and its Contributing Factors in Transition Economies
... Income inequality, which is the unequal distribution of income among households (Todaro and Smith 2009, 826), is an important issue within the study of economic development. Countries with greater income inequality are disadvantaged in that the richer segments of that population hold a much larger s ...
... Income inequality, which is the unequal distribution of income among households (Todaro and Smith 2009, 826), is an important issue within the study of economic development. Countries with greater income inequality are disadvantaged in that the richer segments of that population hold a much larger s ...
The Risk Octagon: A Comprehensive Framework for Assessing
... figure reported in the chart is around 3 percent of GDP but the Congressional Budget Office now projects a cost of less than 1 percent taking into account what is likely to be recovered in the future. This compares with 2½–3 percentage points of GDP for the Savings and Loan crisis. The low cost of d ...
... figure reported in the chart is around 3 percent of GDP but the Congressional Budget Office now projects a cost of less than 1 percent taking into account what is likely to be recovered in the future. This compares with 2½–3 percentage points of GDP for the Savings and Loan crisis. The low cost of d ...
towards a circular economy: business rationale for an accelerated
... dependence and increase systems resilience (to oil shocks, for example). This will be further enabled by the reduced threshold energy levels required in a circular economy. Think in systems. In a circular economy, systems-thinking is applied broadly. Many real-world elements, such as businesses, peo ...
... dependence and increase systems resilience (to oil shocks, for example). This will be further enabled by the reduced threshold energy levels required in a circular economy. Think in systems. In a circular economy, systems-thinking is applied broadly. Many real-world elements, such as businesses, peo ...
Full Text - Life Science Journal
... in 1986 — 2002 and lasted for 16 years. This inflationary cycle has several peculiarities. First of all, this inflationary cycle occurred during the business cycle rise stage which provided an unprotracted character of the high inflation period. Secondly, inflationary cycle of 1986—2002 period was d ...
... in 1986 — 2002 and lasted for 16 years. This inflationary cycle has several peculiarities. First of all, this inflationary cycle occurred during the business cycle rise stage which provided an unprotracted character of the high inflation period. Secondly, inflationary cycle of 1986—2002 period was d ...
towards a circular economy: business rationale for an accelerated
... number of climate change laws has increased by 66%, from 300 to 500.8 Carbon pricing, in the form of an emissions trading scheme or a carbon tax, has been implemented or is scheduled to commence in almost 40 countries and over 20 cities, states and regions.9 In Europe, 20 countries levy landfill tax ...
... number of climate change laws has increased by 66%, from 300 to 500.8 Carbon pricing, in the form of an emissions trading scheme or a carbon tax, has been implemented or is scheduled to commence in almost 40 countries and over 20 cities, states and regions.9 In Europe, 20 countries levy landfill tax ...
Maldives - the United Nations
... As indicated above, the country has recently graduated from the LDC category and, in view of time lags in the production of pertinent data, information and analysis derived thereof, the conclusions presented here should be considered as preliminary and not necessarily indicative of future trends. In ...
... As indicated above, the country has recently graduated from the LDC category and, in view of time lags in the production of pertinent data, information and analysis derived thereof, the conclusions presented here should be considered as preliminary and not necessarily indicative of future trends. In ...
Telecommunications in small economies: the impact of liberalization
... According to Gal (2003a) smallness affects the three main contributors to social welfare which comprise allocative, productive, and dynamic efficiency. Whereas competition policy in small economies should be based on the support and promotion of efficiency, policy makers, agencies and courts often o ...
... According to Gal (2003a) smallness affects the three main contributors to social welfare which comprise allocative, productive, and dynamic efficiency. Whereas competition policy in small economies should be based on the support and promotion of efficiency, policy makers, agencies and courts often o ...