Slide 1
... Features of equality/efficiency/sustainability In the basic scenario, one can pursue economic efficiency to the detriment of social and environmental aspects ...
... Features of equality/efficiency/sustainability In the basic scenario, one can pursue economic efficiency to the detriment of social and environmental aspects ...
Is Kazakhstan a Market Economy Yet? Getting warmer
... rights, whereas the USA put emphasis on opportunities for FDI. Both sets place stress upon removing currency controls and both emphasize private use of resources. Many transition economies also wish to join the European Union. For these countries, there are additional requirements.8 Democratic insti ...
... rights, whereas the USA put emphasis on opportunities for FDI. Both sets place stress upon removing currency controls and both emphasize private use of resources. Many transition economies also wish to join the European Union. For these countries, there are additional requirements.8 Democratic insti ...
Paper
... There is also relatively good intra-tier convergence of the economic indicators among the Tier-one economies. In addition, there is monetary and fiscal discipline, for example, low or nil external debt to GDP ratio and budget surpluses, macroeconomic and political stability and a relatively low infl ...
... There is also relatively good intra-tier convergence of the economic indicators among the Tier-one economies. In addition, there is monetary and fiscal discipline, for example, low or nil external debt to GDP ratio and budget surpluses, macroeconomic and political stability and a relatively low infl ...
3. Poland- Transition since 1989
... large foreign loans which permit it to improve living standards based on imported goods. This ended in the late 1970s when Western banks no longer provided Poland with loans due to deterioration in its creditworthiness. As the supply of imported goods fell, living standards also fell. Furtherm ...
... large foreign loans which permit it to improve living standards based on imported goods. This ended in the late 1970s when Western banks no longer provided Poland with loans due to deterioration in its creditworthiness. As the supply of imported goods fell, living standards also fell. Furtherm ...
Turmoil-032811 - Insurance Information Institute
... The global financial crisis created significant exchange-rate volatility in 2008-09 and 2010—when the world needed a “safe haven” currency. As global stability returns, the dollar is depreciating again. *The Major Currency index is a weighted average of the foreign exchange values of the U.S. dollar ...
... The global financial crisis created significant exchange-rate volatility in 2008-09 and 2010—when the world needed a “safe haven” currency. As global stability returns, the dollar is depreciating again. *The Major Currency index is a weighted average of the foreign exchange values of the U.S. dollar ...
Productivity Growth in the Developed Economies
... automobiles, they do hold significant promise for increased productivity growth in the developed economies. Moreover, many emerging technologies are derived from previous advances in Information Technology, indicating that the productivity gains of the Third Industrial Revolution have yet fully to d ...
... automobiles, they do hold significant promise for increased productivity growth in the developed economies. Moreover, many emerging technologies are derived from previous advances in Information Technology, indicating that the productivity gains of the Third Industrial Revolution have yet fully to d ...
301LONU4K2
... • Weak intellectual property protection: Discourages producing or selling goods that entail valuable assets. • Bureaucracy, red tape, and lack of transparency: Burdensome rules, excessive requirements for licenses, approvals, and paperwork; legal and political systems without accountability. For exa ...
... • Weak intellectual property protection: Discourages producing or selling goods that entail valuable assets. • Bureaucracy, red tape, and lack of transparency: Burdensome rules, excessive requirements for licenses, approvals, and paperwork; legal and political systems without accountability. For exa ...
The rising tide of service exports
... • One area that could contribute to business growth is the booming trade in services Global services imports were worth around 3.9 trillion dollars in 2011 services. (roughly equivalent to the size of the German economy). Although still smaller than goods imports, the growth potential of services tr ...
... • One area that could contribute to business growth is the booming trade in services Global services imports were worth around 3.9 trillion dollars in 2011 services. (roughly equivalent to the size of the German economy). Although still smaller than goods imports, the growth potential of services tr ...
Unemployment in East and West Europe - Deep Blue
... communist economies of the former Soviet bloc and Yugoslavia, including the new members of the European Union (EU). High unemployment has also been a long-term, protracted issue in much of Western Europe. The question hence arises as to whether the nature of the problem is different or whether high ...
... communist economies of the former Soviet bloc and Yugoslavia, including the new members of the European Union (EU). High unemployment has also been a long-term, protracted issue in much of Western Europe. The question hence arises as to whether the nature of the problem is different or whether high ...
PART 1 Sustained, High Growth in the Postwar Period
... in infrastructure. They were all “future-oriented,” forgoing consumption in the present in pursuit of a higher level of income in the future. In the mid-1970s, Southeast Asia and Latin America had similar savings rates. Twenty years later, the Asian rate was about 20 percentage points higher. China ...
... in infrastructure. They were all “future-oriented,” forgoing consumption in the present in pursuit of a higher level of income in the future. In the mid-1970s, Southeast Asia and Latin America had similar savings rates. Twenty years later, the Asian rate was about 20 percentage points higher. China ...
THE DIFFUSION OF ACTIVITIES
... originating in these economies is therefore to increase their current account surplus and, correspondingly, to increase the currenct account deficit at the “core”, in situations where the tendency towards underconsumption expresses itself as a realization crisis. On the other hand, in situations wh ...
... originating in these economies is therefore to increase their current account surplus and, correspondingly, to increase the currenct account deficit at the “core”, in situations where the tendency towards underconsumption expresses itself as a realization crisis. On the other hand, in situations wh ...
World Economic Outlook Update, July 2016: Uncertainty in the
... reforms can be enhanced by careful sequencing and appropriate macroeconomic support, including from more growth-friendly fiscal policy. Remaining financial sector vulnerabilities, especially those in Europe’s banking sector— legacies of the global financial crisis and its aftermath—must be tackled q ...
... reforms can be enhanced by careful sequencing and appropriate macroeconomic support, including from more growth-friendly fiscal policy. Remaining financial sector vulnerabilities, especially those in Europe’s banking sector— legacies of the global financial crisis and its aftermath—must be tackled q ...
Why Growth in Emerging Economies Is Likely to Fall
... business cycle exist. One is the credit cycle, which Claudio Borio (2012) assesses at 15 to 20 years. Another is the commodity cycle, which last peaked in 1980 and might last 30 to 40 years (Jacks 2013, Hendrix and Noland forthcoming). A third is the investment or Simon Kuznets cycle, which appears ...
... business cycle exist. One is the credit cycle, which Claudio Borio (2012) assesses at 15 to 20 years. Another is the commodity cycle, which last peaked in 1980 and might last 30 to 40 years (Jacks 2013, Hendrix and Noland forthcoming). A third is the investment or Simon Kuznets cycle, which appears ...
RETHINKING MACROECONOMIC POLICIES FOR
... Since then, the notion of external balance has been progressively diluted in a world of capital account liberalization. In developing countries, the traditional concern was economic growth in the long term, subject to the constraints that inflation remained within limits of tolerance and that the c ...
... Since then, the notion of external balance has been progressively diluted in a world of capital account liberalization. In developing countries, the traditional concern was economic growth in the long term, subject to the constraints that inflation remained within limits of tolerance and that the c ...
A Western Reversal Since the Neolithic?
... critically to the massive divergence between countries that emerged during the last 200 years, our analysis suggests that the relative prosperity of North European regions followed a longer trajectory with roots in the Neolithic. By creating a new data set on the Neolithic transition for all Western ...
... critically to the massive divergence between countries that emerged during the last 200 years, our analysis suggests that the relative prosperity of North European regions followed a longer trajectory with roots in the Neolithic. By creating a new data set on the Neolithic transition for all Western ...
Income Inequality, Corruption, and the Non
... subdivisions of these regarding whether their status is due to statistical errors, underreporting, or non-registration, although we shall not discuss further these additional details. The illegal sector is that whose activities would be in and of themselves illegal, even if they were to be official ...
... subdivisions of these regarding whether their status is due to statistical errors, underreporting, or non-registration, although we shall not discuss further these additional details. The illegal sector is that whose activities would be in and of themselves illegal, even if they were to be official ...
PDF
... Therefore agricultural holdings - the main actors of structural changes - have been analyzed within a more comprehensive framework, which integrates the implications with the entire production chain, local and national institutions and policies, natural resources and environmental protection, rural ...
... Therefore agricultural holdings - the main actors of structural changes - have been analyzed within a more comprehensive framework, which integrates the implications with the entire production chain, local and national institutions and policies, natural resources and environmental protection, rural ...
Explaining Postcommunist Economic Performance
... 1995, 1999; Andor and Summers 1998; Chussodovsky 1997; Amsden, Kochanowicz, and Taylor 1994; UNDP 1999: 29). Rapid price deregulation, given the often monopolistic structure of Soviet-style economies, will lead to a rapid increase in the prices of inputs, creating an enormous supply shock as produce ...
... 1995, 1999; Andor and Summers 1998; Chussodovsky 1997; Amsden, Kochanowicz, and Taylor 1994; UNDP 1999: 29). Rapid price deregulation, given the often monopolistic structure of Soviet-style economies, will lead to a rapid increase in the prices of inputs, creating an enormous supply shock as produce ...
THE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE OF RUSSIA
... The objective of this paper is to contribute to an explanation to the economic decline in Russia during its transition to capitalism, i.e., between 1992 and 1999. Our own understanding of the situation is much closer to the latter explanation of Russia’s fate rather than the former. But we refrain f ...
... The objective of this paper is to contribute to an explanation to the economic decline in Russia during its transition to capitalism, i.e., between 1992 and 1999. Our own understanding of the situation is much closer to the latter explanation of Russia’s fate rather than the former. But we refrain f ...
Globalization and its effects on developing world
... movement of goods and services, labor, business enterprise, investment funds, and technology. ...
... movement of goods and services, labor, business enterprise, investment funds, and technology. ...
Justin Yifu Lin
... approach of China’s reform.2 Most economists believed that a market economy should be based on private property rights, a feature that the Chinese economy apparently lacked at that time. China’s state-owned firms (SOEs) were not privatized; a dual-track resource allocation system was prevalent with ...
... approach of China’s reform.2 Most economists believed that a market economy should be based on private property rights, a feature that the Chinese economy apparently lacked at that time. China’s state-owned firms (SOEs) were not privatized; a dual-track resource allocation system was prevalent with ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Research Volume Title: International Dimensions of Monetary Policy
... the same way as openness does; that is, flattening the curve the closer substitutes the goods are or the larger the trade share is. Consequently, with a low elasticity of substitution, consumers prefer not to change their domestic and imported quantities very much in order to smooth aggregate consum ...
... the same way as openness does; that is, flattening the curve the closer substitutes the goods are or the larger the trade share is. Consequently, with a low elasticity of substitution, consumers prefer not to change their domestic and imported quantities very much in order to smooth aggregate consum ...
Five Interwoven Economies: * Subsistence, * Gift, * Exchange
... * Models that decision makers use to make sense of the world or influence each other (like supply-side economics, natural capitalism, theories about human motivation, etc.) Mainstream economists often confuse their elegant economic maps and simplified assumptions for the territory. That is a risk fo ...
... * Models that decision makers use to make sense of the world or influence each other (like supply-side economics, natural capitalism, theories about human motivation, etc.) Mainstream economists often confuse their elegant economic maps and simplified assumptions for the territory. That is a risk fo ...
Chapter 1: Introduction
... were high new farmsteads are relatively plentiful, and getting the permission of one's father or elder brother to marry was easier. For these reasons both social and biological, a higher standard of living back before 1800 led to a faster rate of population increase. And faster rates of population g ...
... were high new farmsteads are relatively plentiful, and getting the permission of one's father or elder brother to marry was easier. For these reasons both social and biological, a higher standard of living back before 1800 led to a faster rate of population increase. And faster rates of population g ...
T he Romanian Economy from Transition to Crisis. Retrospects and Prospects:
... government o establish effective institutions (Hughes and Lovei, 1999). All this political, economic and social turmoil in the 1990s made a real advance of reform very difficult, Romania being severely criticised by the EU and international financial institutions for the drawbacks in restructuring a ...
... government o establish effective institutions (Hughes and Lovei, 1999). All this political, economic and social turmoil in the 1990s made a real advance of reform very difficult, Romania being severely criticised by the EU and international financial institutions for the drawbacks in restructuring a ...