Planned economy
... A planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a government agency.[1][2] The justification for central planning is that the consolidation of economic resources can allow for the econ ...
... A planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a government agency.[1][2] The justification for central planning is that the consolidation of economic resources can allow for the econ ...
I. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
... the EU Commission is expected to announce its plan on this issue in the upcoming period. The new government in Japan, where has been a struggle with disinflation and stagnation for many years, has made radical changes in its monetary and fiscal policies to achieve sustainable growth. In addition to ...
... the EU Commission is expected to announce its plan on this issue in the upcoming period. The new government in Japan, where has been a struggle with disinflation and stagnation for many years, has made radical changes in its monetary and fiscal policies to achieve sustainable growth. In addition to ...
Contemporary Change in Russia:
... Figure 1 shows indices that reflect the degree of price liberalisation and the degree of external liberalisation in Estonia throughout the period 1989-2003. For price liberalisation, an index value of 1 indicates that the government controls most prices, while 4 indicates that basically all prices ...
... Figure 1 shows indices that reflect the degree of price liberalisation and the degree of external liberalisation in Estonia throughout the period 1989-2003. For price liberalisation, an index value of 1 indicates that the government controls most prices, while 4 indicates that basically all prices ...
SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Adelaide University SA 5005 AUSTRALIA
... Uzbekistan has been one of the most enigmatic of the thirty-plus economies in transition from central planning during the 1990s. The government explicitly avoided the shock therapy advocated by the international financial institutions and also avoided the economic collapse of non-reformers such as B ...
... Uzbekistan has been one of the most enigmatic of the thirty-plus economies in transition from central planning during the 1990s. The government explicitly avoided the shock therapy advocated by the international financial institutions and also avoided the economic collapse of non-reformers such as B ...
Klaus Liebscher: Austria after 10 years of EU membership
... utmost importance that policymakers and opinion leaders do not tire of addressing the issues which are at the heart of such criticism and scepticism. The entry into the EU and the participation in monetary union have visibly shaped the Austrian economy. The changeover to EU law and the intense coope ...
... utmost importance that policymakers and opinion leaders do not tire of addressing the issues which are at the heart of such criticism and scepticism. The entry into the EU and the participation in monetary union have visibly shaped the Austrian economy. The changeover to EU law and the intense coope ...
Reform Initiatives for Iraq and the Middle East: The
... Government has to overturn or modify these orders. No doubt the provisional government will be able to exercise some control over the denµls of implementation. Most concede, however, that changing the fundamental laws or the essential character of the neo-liberal economic policies they facilitate is ...
... Government has to overturn or modify these orders. No doubt the provisional government will be able to exercise some control over the denµls of implementation. Most concede, however, that changing the fundamental laws or the essential character of the neo-liberal economic policies they facilitate is ...
The Impact of Global Financial and Economic Instability on the CIS
... servicing remains expensive for them. Therefore, it is possible that the debt crisis will periodically recur in Europe, requiring debt restructuring in a wide range of eurozone countries. The unfavourable consequences of this process for the financial sector and budgetary savings measures will have ...
... servicing remains expensive for them. Therefore, it is possible that the debt crisis will periodically recur in Europe, requiring debt restructuring in a wide range of eurozone countries. The unfavourable consequences of this process for the financial sector and budgetary savings measures will have ...
Globalization: What does it mean
... many of her unique characteristics and should expect these to be accentuated in a globalizing world. This helps to explain the surge in tourism to Australia in recent decades. If countries became identical, the globalization process would halt – why trade with someone who has nothing different to of ...
... many of her unique characteristics and should expect these to be accentuated in a globalizing world. This helps to explain the surge in tourism to Australia in recent decades. If countries became identical, the globalization process would halt – why trade with someone who has nothing different to of ...
Inflation targeting in the Armenian context
... the Armenian context King Banaian, David Kemme and Grigor Sargsyan AIPRG conference, 4/21/06 ...
... the Armenian context King Banaian, David Kemme and Grigor Sargsyan AIPRG conference, 4/21/06 ...
Demographics and Energetics
... that the LDC’s have entered the third stage of industrialization, but their development has been delayed due to their stalled internal economic development (Cassen, 1994). In summary, LDC’s have more or less raced through the first and second stages of transition, relying on the globalization of res ...
... that the LDC’s have entered the third stage of industrialization, but their development has been delayed due to their stalled internal economic development (Cassen, 1994). In summary, LDC’s have more or less raced through the first and second stages of transition, relying on the globalization of res ...
How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles - weforum.org
... • The chart on the upper right-hand side displays the evolution of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) from 1990 through 2011 (or the period for which data are available) for the economy under review (blue line). The black line plots the GDPweighted average of GDP per capita of the grou ...
... • The chart on the upper right-hand side displays the evolution of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) from 1990 through 2011 (or the period for which data are available) for the economy under review (blue line). The black line plots the GDPweighted average of GDP per capita of the grou ...
LSEE-PAPER-4
... Thus, most countries in SEE had based their growth since 2000 on a credit boom enabled by large scale foreign borrowing. Current account deficits widened to more than 10% of GDP in 2008 everywhere except in Croatia, Slovenia and Turkey. In 2008, extremely high current account deficits were experienc ...
... Thus, most countries in SEE had based their growth since 2000 on a credit boom enabled by large scale foreign borrowing. Current account deficits widened to more than 10% of GDP in 2008 everywhere except in Croatia, Slovenia and Turkey. In 2008, extremely high current account deficits were experienc ...
How Do We Compare Economies?
... the subsequent war in Afghanistan made the entire world aware of the seriousness of this global movement. Even after the replacement of the Taliban regime by the U.S.-backed one led by Hamid Karzai, Islamic rules remain largely in place, with women wearing traditional clothing even in Kabul, the cap ...
... the subsequent war in Afghanistan made the entire world aware of the seriousness of this global movement. Even after the replacement of the Taliban regime by the U.S.-backed one led by Hamid Karzai, Islamic rules remain largely in place, with women wearing traditional clothing even in Kabul, the cap ...
Infrastructure Services Liberalization in Developing Countries: Key to Growth and Global Competitiveness
... developing country economies, liberalization of “infrastructure services” becomes paramount. Infrastructure services are the building blocks of commercial activity and everyday life, including financing and insuring transactions, communicating by phone, fax, and Internet, providing computer networks ...
... developing country economies, liberalization of “infrastructure services” becomes paramount. Infrastructure services are the building blocks of commercial activity and everyday life, including financing and insuring transactions, communicating by phone, fax, and Internet, providing computer networks ...
PDF
... characterised by prolonged recessions, due to differing reform progress and varying impact of the war in the Western Balkans. Since 2000 GDP in transition countries has had a rather mild and steady growth, especially after the accession of some countries in the EU, which now show signs of convergenc ...
... characterised by prolonged recessions, due to differing reform progress and varying impact of the war in the Western Balkans. Since 2000 GDP in transition countries has had a rather mild and steady growth, especially after the accession of some countries in the EU, which now show signs of convergenc ...
Normal Countries: The East 25 Years After Communism
... population, the Soviet Union and other Eastern-bloc countries won 48 percent of the medals at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and boasted 53 of the world’s 100 top chess players that year. Education and literacy rates were high. Yet in its waning years, communism had few defenders. To Vaclav Havel, the Czec ...
... population, the Soviet Union and other Eastern-bloc countries won 48 percent of the medals at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and boasted 53 of the world’s 100 top chess players that year. Education and literacy rates were high. Yet in its waning years, communism had few defenders. To Vaclav Havel, the Czec ...
The Impact of Transition to the Market Economy
... The ATEs have had a range of experiences with poverty during their transitions. The negative growth which occurred in the CARs and Mongolia has contributed to a rise in the incidence of poverty. As output has shrunk, general income levels have dropped, and those at the low end of the income scale h ...
... The ATEs have had a range of experiences with poverty during their transitions. The negative growth which occurred in the CARs and Mongolia has contributed to a rise in the incidence of poverty. As output has shrunk, general income levels have dropped, and those at the low end of the income scale h ...
What Is Capitalism?
... Great Depression. Keynes never intended to replace the market-based economy with a different one; he asserted only that periodic government intervention was necessary. The forces that generally lead to the success of capitalism can also usher in its failure. Free markets can flourish only when gove ...
... Great Depression. Keynes never intended to replace the market-based economy with a different one; he asserted only that periodic government intervention was necessary. The forces that generally lead to the success of capitalism can also usher in its failure. Free markets can flourish only when gove ...
Transition Economies: Russia and China
... Soviet Union and China traded mostly with other communist nations such as East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam. PASSIVE MACROECONOMIC POLICIES The economies of both the Soviet Union and pre-reform China were quantitydirected systems in which money and prices played only a li ...
... Soviet Union and China traded mostly with other communist nations such as East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam. PASSIVE MACROECONOMIC POLICIES The economies of both the Soviet Union and pre-reform China were quantitydirected systems in which money and prices played only a li ...
economic insight SOUTH EaST aSIa Quarterly briefing December 2011 global uncertainty unsettles
... Welcome to the second issue of the ICAEW Economic Insight: South East Asia, a new quarterly forecast for the region prepared directly for the finance profession. Produced by Cebr, ICAEW’s partner and acknowledged experts in global economic forecasting, it provides a unique perspective on the prospec ...
... Welcome to the second issue of the ICAEW Economic Insight: South East Asia, a new quarterly forecast for the region prepared directly for the finance profession. Produced by Cebr, ICAEW’s partner and acknowledged experts in global economic forecasting, it provides a unique perspective on the prospec ...
Rostow`s stages of Economic growth
... 7. There are two unrelated theories of take off one is that take is a sectoral and a non-linear notion and other is that it is highly aggregative. Rostow's thesis is biased towards a western model of modernization, but at the time of Rostow the world's only mature economies were in the west, and no ...
... 7. There are two unrelated theories of take off one is that take is a sectoral and a non-linear notion and other is that it is highly aggregative. Rostow's thesis is biased towards a western model of modernization, but at the time of Rostow the world's only mature economies were in the west, and no ...
Notes - Vassar economics
... Reforms had already encouraged the expansion of private entrepreneurial activity. It had developed strong trade links with the West, facilitating information and investment flows. ...
... Reforms had already encouraged the expansion of private entrepreneurial activity. It had developed strong trade links with the West, facilitating information and investment flows. ...
Institutions and Economic Growth: What Model of Capitalism for
... dirigist, centralised state (in the case of France) to less prominent smaller states (the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark) or larger federal states as Germany, both in terms of objectives and policy instruments European states played a more proactive role in governing the economy than typically their ...
... dirigist, centralised state (in the case of France) to less prominent smaller states (the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark) or larger federal states as Germany, both in terms of objectives and policy instruments European states played a more proactive role in governing the economy than typically their ...
FINANCIALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, “CREDIBLE GOVERNANCE”, LOPSIDED GROWTH AND VANISHING JOBS
... themselves trapped within high and persistent real interest rates. They also bore witness to a selfdistorting foreign exchange market operating through attacks of speculative hot money flows into the fragile and shallow asset markets, luring the residents in an ever-ending spiral of debt accumulatio ...
... themselves trapped within high and persistent real interest rates. They also bore witness to a selfdistorting foreign exchange market operating through attacks of speculative hot money flows into the fragile and shallow asset markets, luring the residents in an ever-ending spiral of debt accumulatio ...
impact of the financial crisis upon eastern europe countries
... The Eastern European financial crisis of 2008–09 resembles the East Asian crisis of 1997–98. The fundamental problem then and now was excessive inflows of short-term bank credits, enticed by pegged exchange rates, leading to large private foreign debt. Public finances, by contrast, were mostly in ex ...
... The Eastern European financial crisis of 2008–09 resembles the East Asian crisis of 1997–98. The fundamental problem then and now was excessive inflows of short-term bank credits, enticed by pegged exchange rates, leading to large private foreign debt. Public finances, by contrast, were mostly in ex ...