Asian Economy: Past, Present, and Future
... success of the financial markets. As I will elaborate later, we, the Bank of Japan, have also been actively making efforts to develop Asian financial markets, through bilateral and multilateral cooperative initiatives with other Asian economies. ...
... success of the financial markets. As I will elaborate later, we, the Bank of Japan, have also been actively making efforts to develop Asian financial markets, through bilateral and multilateral cooperative initiatives with other Asian economies. ...
The Economics of Small Open Economies
... the U.S. are relatively closed economies, Sweden and Germany depend on international trade. Among large economies, Germany is the only one that is open. In contrast, economies considered small (Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and Sweden) trade substantially with the rest of the world. To further i ...
... the U.S. are relatively closed economies, Sweden and Germany depend on international trade. Among large economies, Germany is the only one that is open. In contrast, economies considered small (Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and Sweden) trade substantially with the rest of the world. To further i ...
Markets and democracy
... consolidated democracies, while others have at least made significant strides towards building robust democratic institutions, lending support to Fukuyama’s assertions. However, the experience of transition in some countries has been more erratic, with reforms stagnating or even going into reverse. W ...
... consolidated democracies, while others have at least made significant strides towards building robust democratic institutions, lending support to Fukuyama’s assertions. However, the experience of transition in some countries has been more erratic, with reforms stagnating or even going into reverse. W ...
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2015
... impacts from the recent decline in the prices of oil and other commodities, as well as country-specific factors. The short-term growth prospects of heavily commoditydependent countries have worsened considerably. By contrast, commodityimporters are benefiting from the lower prices in the form of red ...
... impacts from the recent decline in the prices of oil and other commodities, as well as country-specific factors. The short-term growth prospects of heavily commoditydependent countries have worsened considerably. By contrast, commodityimporters are benefiting from the lower prices in the form of red ...
Zhou Li Justin Lin, Fang Cai, and
... The macropolicies described induced a total imbalance in the supply and demand for credit, foreign exchange, raw materials, and other living necessities. Because nonpriority sectors were competing with the priority sectors for the low-priced resources, plans and administrative controls replaced mark ...
... The macropolicies described induced a total imbalance in the supply and demand for credit, foreign exchange, raw materials, and other living necessities. Because nonpriority sectors were competing with the priority sectors for the low-priced resources, plans and administrative controls replaced mark ...
PDF
... economy in which agriculture had an over 40% share in the structure of the GDP. Although agriculture was a dominant economic activity, it could not have been the bearer of a future development for several reasons. Firstly, agriculture had low productivity which can only be increased by introducing c ...
... economy in which agriculture had an over 40% share in the structure of the GDP. Although agriculture was a dominant economic activity, it could not have been the bearer of a future development for several reasons. Firstly, agriculture had low productivity which can only be increased by introducing c ...
A stages approach to banking development in transition economies
... of its pretransition output level (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development [EBRD], 1999; 2006). Although persistent output growth was recorded in most of the FSU countries by the late 1990s, almost half of these countries had still not reached their pretransition output levels by 2005 (EBRD ...
... of its pretransition output level (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development [EBRD], 1999; 2006). Although persistent output growth was recorded in most of the FSU countries by the late 1990s, almost half of these countries had still not reached their pretransition output levels by 2005 (EBRD ...
China`s New Strategy for Long
... by rising real wages and real exchange rates, policy adjustments to reinforce change were discussed with increasing purpose within the Chinese policy community and, in due course, within high echelons of government. So, China entered the third major transition of the reform era, the transition to an ...
... by rising real wages and real exchange rates, policy adjustments to reinforce change were discussed with increasing purpose within the Chinese policy community and, in due course, within high echelons of government. So, China entered the third major transition of the reform era, the transition to an ...
ściągnij
... Without foreign assistance, both technical and financial, these countries may not be able to successfully overcome the trade-off between inflation and growth and to avoid the monetary financing of the government deficit. In the foreseeable future the economies in transition are doomed to suffer the ...
... Without foreign assistance, both technical and financial, these countries may not be able to successfully overcome the trade-off between inflation and growth and to avoid the monetary financing of the government deficit. In the foreseeable future the economies in transition are doomed to suffer the ...
The Realities of Modern Hyperinflation
... economies succumbed to hyperinflation. Austria, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Russia all racked up enormous price increases, with Germany recording an astronomical 3.25 million percent in a single month in 1923. But, since the 1950s, hyperinflation has been confined to the developing world and the t ...
... economies succumbed to hyperinflation. Austria, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Russia all racked up enormous price increases, with Germany recording an astronomical 3.25 million percent in a single month in 1923. But, since the 1950s, hyperinflation has been confined to the developing world and the t ...
Global Competitiveness Report 2013/14
... The Global Competitive Report • The report examines the many factors that enable national economies to achieve sustained economic growth and long term prosperity. • The overall goal is to provide business leaders and policymakers with benchmark tools to identify obstacles to improved competitivenes ...
... The Global Competitive Report • The report examines the many factors that enable national economies to achieve sustained economic growth and long term prosperity. • The overall goal is to provide business leaders and policymakers with benchmark tools to identify obstacles to improved competitivenes ...
Review of Stiglitz "Globalization and its Discontent"
... accounts [current and capital] could not be opened up simultaneously. . .[A] strong case can be made in support of rapid and decisive liberalization in capital transactions’’ (pp. 85 –86). Starting in 1995, more and more countries began to relax their controls on capital mobility. In doing this, how ...
... accounts [current and capital] could not be opened up simultaneously. . .[A] strong case can be made in support of rapid and decisive liberalization in capital transactions’’ (pp. 85 –86). Starting in 1995, more and more countries began to relax their controls on capital mobility. In doing this, how ...
Minutes of the Monetary Policy Meeting on November 18 and 19, 2015
... U.S. economy was approaching a phase in which it could be expected to underpin the global economy. Members agreed that the European economy maintained its moderate recovery as private consumption continued to increase, although exports had shown some weakness, mainly due to the effects of the slowdo ...
... U.S. economy was approaching a phase in which it could be expected to underpin the global economy. Members agreed that the European economy maintained its moderate recovery as private consumption continued to increase, although exports had shown some weakness, mainly due to the effects of the slowdo ...
12 Joaquin Vial_Engl
... Recognition bonds: Are they public debt? Chile and the IMF agreed to compute accrued interests as current expenditure and principal repayments as debt reductions (below the line operations) ...
... Recognition bonds: Are they public debt? Chile and the IMF agreed to compute accrued interests as current expenditure and principal repayments as debt reductions (below the line operations) ...
Reforms and growth in transition [EBRD
... One of the most fundamental issues in transition economies is the link between marketoriented reforms and economic growth. Many countries in transition, especially those that have recently joined the European Union (EU), have made significant advances in reform, to the point where standards in some ...
... One of the most fundamental issues in transition economies is the link between marketoriented reforms and economic growth. Many countries in transition, especially those that have recently joined the European Union (EU), have made significant advances in reform, to the point where standards in some ...
Bretton-Woods II
... In Bretton Woods regime currencies pegged to dollar which in turn tied to gold • Capital mobility limited so that countries had control over their monetary conditions ...
... In Bretton Woods regime currencies pegged to dollar which in turn tied to gold • Capital mobility limited so that countries had control over their monetary conditions ...
Strengths and Weaknesses of `Weak` Coordination: Economic
... and Fabrizio Coricelli, summarize everything about: ‘what one should know about growth in transition: (a) output fell, (b) capital shrank, (c) labour moved in all senses, (d) trade re-oriented, (e) the economic structure changed, (f) institutions collapsed, and (g) transition costs (i.e. the sharp d ...
... and Fabrizio Coricelli, summarize everything about: ‘what one should know about growth in transition: (a) output fell, (b) capital shrank, (c) labour moved in all senses, (d) trade re-oriented, (e) the economic structure changed, (f) institutions collapsed, and (g) transition costs (i.e. the sharp d ...
... stock of human capital undergo a difficult process of adjustment; and the evolving wage structure in central and eastern Europe reflects this, with very high spot prices showing up the short supply of certain professional skills (accountancy, management, legal practice) and with low wages (and/or de ...
The economic collapse of Russia
... In the autumn of that year, in the midst of economic disaster, Boris Yeltsin took control of the country and named a technocrat, Yegor Gaidar, as Deputy Prime Minister in charge of economic affairs. Gaidar did not focus on the economic crisis but on ‘reform’ and ‘transition’, which started with radi ...
... In the autumn of that year, in the midst of economic disaster, Boris Yeltsin took control of the country and named a technocrat, Yegor Gaidar, as Deputy Prime Minister in charge of economic affairs. Gaidar did not focus on the economic crisis but on ‘reform’ and ‘transition’, which started with radi ...
Evaluation of Economic Transformation in Hungary
... Economic Situation and Development Before 1989 Political development had an immediate impact on the development of the Hungarian economy. The centrally planned system had been established in the country after the Second World War. There were of course differences to other centrally planned systems i ...
... Economic Situation and Development Before 1989 Political development had an immediate impact on the development of the Hungarian economy. The centrally planned system had been established in the country after the Second World War. There were of course differences to other centrally planned systems i ...
Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Castro Cuba
... Although inflows of FDI in Cuba are likely to get a significant boost from a privatization program in the early stages of transition, sustaining inflows of FDI is likely to be a very difficult task. The obstacles that prevent the economic success of FDI in Cuba at present are also not likely to simp ...
... Although inflows of FDI in Cuba are likely to get a significant boost from a privatization program in the early stages of transition, sustaining inflows of FDI is likely to be a very difficult task. The obstacles that prevent the economic success of FDI in Cuba at present are also not likely to simp ...
53rd Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, India, 2007
... Globalization offers extensive opportunities for truly worldwide development but it is not progressing evenly. Some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy more quickly than others. Countries that have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. Outward-ori ...
... Globalization offers extensive opportunities for truly worldwide development but it is not progressing evenly. Some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy more quickly than others. Countries that have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. Outward-ori ...
Slide 1
... How to reap benefits from capital flows and reduce related risk? Financial integration and economic globalization will continue Need to be very cautious about magnitude and structure of capital flows to domestic economy Volatility is highly unpredictable and beyond of our control Sound mac ...
... How to reap benefits from capital flows and reduce related risk? Financial integration and economic globalization will continue Need to be very cautious about magnitude and structure of capital flows to domestic economy Volatility is highly unpredictable and beyond of our control Sound mac ...
Economic liberalization and poverty reduction
... policies, that promote free trade, deregulation, elimination of subsidies, price controls and rationing systems, and, often, the downsizing or privatization of public services (Woodward, 1992). Economic liberalization has been central to adjustment policies introduced in developing countries since t ...
... policies, that promote free trade, deregulation, elimination of subsidies, price controls and rationing systems, and, often, the downsizing or privatization of public services (Woodward, 1992). Economic liberalization has been central to adjustment policies introduced in developing countries since t ...
View/Open
... only positive and significant determinant of income levels. Once institutions are controlled for, integration (i.e. foreign trade) has no direct effect on incomes, while geography has at best weak direct effects. However, integration was also found to have a positive impact on institutional quality ...
... only positive and significant determinant of income levels. Once institutions are controlled for, integration (i.e. foreign trade) has no direct effect on incomes, while geography has at best weak direct effects. However, integration was also found to have a positive impact on institutional quality ...