The Physics of Negative Absolute Temperatures
... mooted by Onsager[1, 2] in the context of twodimensional turbulence, fits consistently into the description of various experimental findings. In 1951 Purcell and Pound[3], by rapidly reversing the applied magnetic field applied to the nuclear spins in LiF crystals, produced a state displaying negati ...
... mooted by Onsager[1, 2] in the context of twodimensional turbulence, fits consistently into the description of various experimental findings. In 1951 Purcell and Pound[3], by rapidly reversing the applied magnetic field applied to the nuclear spins in LiF crystals, produced a state displaying negati ...
Second Law of Thermodynamics
... 2. Calculate the change in entropy of 2 g of ice initially at -10 °C which is converted to steam at 100 °C due to heating. [ans: 17.3 J K-1] 3. A 200 g sample of dry air is heated isobarically. Its entropy increases by 19.2 J K-1, and the work done by expansion is 1.61 x 103 J. Solve for the final t ...
... 2. Calculate the change in entropy of 2 g of ice initially at -10 °C which is converted to steam at 100 °C due to heating. [ans: 17.3 J K-1] 3. A 200 g sample of dry air is heated isobarically. Its entropy increases by 19.2 J K-1, and the work done by expansion is 1.61 x 103 J. Solve for the final t ...
CHAP4
... 2. Calculate the change in entropy of 2 g of ice initially at -10 C which is converted to steam at 100 C due to heating. [ans: 17.3 J K-1] 3. A 200 g sample of dry air is heated isobarically. Its entropy increases by 19.2 J K -1, and the work done by expansion is 1.61 x 103 J. Solve for the final ...
... 2. Calculate the change in entropy of 2 g of ice initially at -10 C which is converted to steam at 100 C due to heating. [ans: 17.3 J K-1] 3. A 200 g sample of dry air is heated isobarically. Its entropy increases by 19.2 J K -1, and the work done by expansion is 1.61 x 103 J. Solve for the final ...
Lecture 1 1 Overview
... another extensive property. Example: V → V /N . 2. Notation. Inconsistent notation has plagued thermodynamics perhaps since the beginning. The key in reading any text is to find out what the notation means before you read. There are basically four types of variables: (a) Extensive: e.g. V , U , N , ...
... another extensive property. Example: V → V /N . 2. Notation. Inconsistent notation has plagued thermodynamics perhaps since the beginning. The key in reading any text is to find out what the notation means before you read. There are basically four types of variables: (a) Extensive: e.g. V , U , N , ...
Chapter 3. The Second Law
... which the molecules of a system can be arranged while keeping the total energy constant When W = 1, S = 0 When molecules can access more microstates for a given energy (e.g. as the system volume increases), the entropy increases Molecules in a system at high T can occupy a large number of the availa ...
... which the molecules of a system can be arranged while keeping the total energy constant When W = 1, S = 0 When molecules can access more microstates for a given energy (e.g. as the system volume increases), the entropy increases Molecules in a system at high T can occupy a large number of the availa ...
Laws of Thermodynamics
... conserved. However, there was a second class of suggested perpetual motion machines which didn’t work but which were consistent with energy conservation. Another law of thermodynamics was introduced to summarize the fact that this class of perpetual motion machines also does not work. This is the se ...
... conserved. However, there was a second class of suggested perpetual motion machines which didn’t work but which were consistent with energy conservation. Another law of thermodynamics was introduced to summarize the fact that this class of perpetual motion machines also does not work. This is the se ...
Chapter Summary
... a whole satisfies the first law of thermodynamics, as does each of its processes. The change in internal energy for any cycle is always zero, because the system returns to its initial state, and the area of the enclosed region on the P-V diagram is the net work done in the cycle. Entropy and the Sec ...
... a whole satisfies the first law of thermodynamics, as does each of its processes. The change in internal energy for any cycle is always zero, because the system returns to its initial state, and the area of the enclosed region on the P-V diagram is the net work done in the cycle. Entropy and the Sec ...
Document
... That is, regardless of how the change is brought about in the system, reversibly or irreversibly, we can calculate the change of entropy of the surroundings by dividing the heat transferred by the temperature at which the transfer takes place. ...
... That is, regardless of how the change is brought about in the system, reversibly or irreversibly, we can calculate the change of entropy of the surroundings by dividing the heat transferred by the temperature at which the transfer takes place. ...
Chap-4
... Definition of reversibility (revisited) A system process is defined as reversible if a system, after having experienced several transformations, can be returned to its original state without alteration of the system itself or the system's surroundings. 1. A reversible transformation will take place ...
... Definition of reversibility (revisited) A system process is defined as reversible if a system, after having experienced several transformations, can be returned to its original state without alteration of the system itself or the system's surroundings. 1. A reversible transformation will take place ...
Black Hole Entropy in String Theory.
... entropy formula is modified. If there is a Killing horizon, then one can associate an entropy, Wald ...
... entropy formula is modified. If there is a Killing horizon, then one can associate an entropy, Wald ...
Defects - Script
... Purely mechanical systems (consisting of non-interacting mass points) would be in equilibrium for the lowest possible internal energy, i.e. for a minimum in their potential energy and no movement - just lying still at the lowest possible point. But thermodynamic systems consisting of many interactin ...
... Purely mechanical systems (consisting of non-interacting mass points) would be in equilibrium for the lowest possible internal energy, i.e. for a minimum in their potential energy and no movement - just lying still at the lowest possible point. But thermodynamic systems consisting of many interactin ...
Survival of the Likeliest?
... branches of physics have been able to formulate the second law of thermodynamics independently. This has meant that other fields, such as computing and ecology, can use the concept of entropy, and so entropy takes rather different forms in different systems. In thermodynamics, entropy is uselessness. ...
... branches of physics have been able to formulate the second law of thermodynamics independently. This has meant that other fields, such as computing and ecology, can use the concept of entropy, and so entropy takes rather different forms in different systems. In thermodynamics, entropy is uselessness. ...
H-theorem
In classical statistical mechanics, the H-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency to increase in the quantity H (defined below) in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the power of statistical mechanics as it claimed to derive the second law of thermodynamics—a statement about fundamentally irreversible processes—from reversible microscopic mechanics.The H-theorem is a natural consequence of the kinetic equation derived by Boltzmann that has come to be known as Boltzmann's equation. The H-theorem has led to considerable discussion about its actual implications, with major themes being: What is entropy? In what sense does Boltzmann's quantity H correspond to the thermodynamic entropy? Are the assumptions (such as the Stosszahlansatz described below) behind Boltzmann's equation too strong? When are these assumptions violated?↑