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Lecture 1, Introduction
Lecture 1, Introduction

1.5 physics beyond the Standard Model
1.5 physics beyond the Standard Model

... known as the “hierarchy problem”, is puzzling and indicates that physics beyond the SM that protects the Higgs mass against large quantum corrections should exist in the multi-TeV regime. We investigated several approaches to solving the hierarchy problem, such as supersymmetry (SUSY) and conformal ...
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... phases of the fields as we like at any point of space-time and ascertain that the exchanged states still satisfy Dirac equation. It is not possible. • The way out is to introduce massless gauge vector bosons that compensate exactly for the effect. We need as many as there are generators in the excha ...
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... 3. The problem of mass in the standard model In the electroweak theory of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam, we have four agents transmitting forces, the vector bosons W + , W − , Z and the photon field γ . Their description is in terms of a gauge theory with group SU(2) × U(1), and it is not consistent t ...
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Particle accelerator goes boldly where none have gone before

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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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