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We live in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time
We live in the quantum 4-dimensional Minkowski space-time

Elementary Particles in Physics
Elementary Particles in Physics

Section 2.0a: the four fundamental interactions, leptons and hadrons
Section 2.0a: the four fundamental interactions, leptons and hadrons

DUAL NATURE OF DARK MATTER: COMPOSITE OF BOTH
DUAL NATURE OF DARK MATTER: COMPOSITE OF BOTH

Document
Document

... Isotropy of space time  laws of physics are invariant under rotations in space time. In particular laws of physics are invariant under rotations in space  Conservation of angular momentum. Invariant under rotation in space and time (Lorentz transformation), Lorentz Symmetry ...
The beginning of physics
The beginning of physics

...  All ordinary matter made of up quark, down quark, electrons and electron neutrinos.  All forces (except gravity) mediated by photon, Z boson, W boson and gluon. ...
16 Sep 2012
16 Sep 2012

No Slide Title - University of Manchester
No Slide Title - University of Manchester

higgs bison
higgs bison

... considerable time and data. But whatever form the Higgs particle takes, our knowledge of the fundamental structure of matter is about to take a major step forward.” Krassnigg continues his comparison of the Higgs boson with a car to explain what’s next: “Measurements and data analysis will continue ...
Computing at the Large Hadron Collider in the CMS
Computing at the Large Hadron Collider in the CMS

Particles & Strings - University of Southampton
Particles & Strings - University of Southampton

Physics and the Search for Ultimate BuildingBlocks
Physics and the Search for Ultimate BuildingBlocks

... • …and there is more to physics than the Standard Model • There is gravity, whose description by the theory of general relativity has yet to be reconciled with quantum theory. • Only about 4% of the total energy density in the universe can be understood in terms of the Standard Model. • About 22% is ...
ASEPS_Poster_Ishihara1_A0
ASEPS_Poster_Ishihara1_A0

... Abstract: Neutrinoless double beta decay (0) takes place only when neutrinos are Majorana neutrinos that have the nature of no distinction between particles and their own anti-particles. Majorana neutrino plays important role in the theory called Seesaw Mechanism, in which a left-handed Majorana ...
UNVEILING THE ULTIMATE LAWS OF NATURE
UNVEILING THE ULTIMATE LAWS OF NATURE

The Standard Model of Particle Physics: An - LAPTh
The Standard Model of Particle Physics: An - LAPTh

... non-Abelian SU (2)L , which besides τ ± has also “a neutral” generator τ 3 . There will therefore be 3 compensating gauge fields: Wµ± , Wµ3 . SU (2)L symmetry predicts the coupling of W 3 : ĒL γµ Wµ3 τ 3 EL = ν̄e γµ Wµ3 νe − ēL γµ Wµ3 eL . Unfortunately this neutral current does not correspond to ...
Lecture notes 6: Strong and weak interactions
Lecture notes 6: Strong and weak interactions

Modified from College Physics, 8th Ed., Serway and Vuille. For the
Modified from College Physics, 8th Ed., Serway and Vuille. For the

... There are four fundamental forces of nature: the strong (hadronic), electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces. The strong force is the force between nucleons that keeps the nucleus together. The weak force is responsible for beta decay. The electromagnetic and weak forces are now considered to ...
particlephysics
particlephysics

... must = 2mc2 (at least) 1 photon producing electron-positron pair It also works the other way around – knowing the mass of the particle-antiparticle pair that annihilate you calculate the energy of the photons produced. ...
Document
Document

... particle which stopped in the emulsion, was absorbed by a nucleus, and then “exploded” into “stars” (D.H. Perkins was one who observed these!) • The positive particles seemed to stop and then decay into the previously-seen muons • These had a similar mass to the mesons, but clearly had different int ...
Nuclear Chemistry - sullivanchem-ap
Nuclear Chemistry - sullivanchem-ap

History of Particle Physics (lecture notes)
History of Particle Physics (lecture notes)

... Since  then  the  Standard  Model  has  gone  from  triumph   to  triumph.      The  Cabibbo-­‐Kobayashi-­‐Maskawa  theory   of  CP  violation  anticipated  the  existence  of  a  third   family  -­‐  an  anticipation  eventually  fulfilled ...
C4S1 - The Development of Atomic Theory
C4S1 - The Development of Atomic Theory

Screen-Based Graphic Design: Tips for non
Screen-Based Graphic Design: Tips for non

... spin, same direction of spin) quarks occupying identical quantum states The only way for this to work is if each quark possesses a further property, color: ...
Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles - X
Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles - X

... spin, same direction of spin) quarks occupying identical quantum states The only way for this to work is if each quark possesses a further property, color: ...
Field and gauge theories
Field and gauge theories

... 1954 –Yang and Mills postulate a non-abelian theory for strong interactions 1958 – QED well understood and divergences addressed and accepted 1958-1960 – Glashow unifies electromagnetism and weak interactions 1960s and 70s – Propagation of the Standard Model as a unified gauge theory ...
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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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