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Standard Model is an Effective Theory
Standard Model is an Effective Theory

... a continuum of mass values. • If ED are compact (of finite size L), then QM tells us that p5 takes on quantized values (n/L). Collider experiments tell us that SM particles can only live in ED if 1/L > a few ...
Particle physics today
Particle physics today

PPT Lecture - Hss-1.us
PPT Lecture - Hss-1.us

... • More recently it has been discovered that protons, neutrons are made up of more fundamental particle called quarks. • And the fundamental quark and electron particles are now thought to be made up of small rubber band type structures called strings. • This involves the branch of physics called Qua ...
Concepts of Modern Physics Presentations
Concepts of Modern Physics Presentations

Slide 1
Slide 1

... Surely, as this continued, physicists concluded the so-called “elementary” particles must in fact be composite articles. What are the real core particles? ...
Pair production processes and flavor in gauge
Pair production processes and flavor in gauge

e - X-ray and Observational Astronomy Group
e - X-ray and Observational Astronomy Group

... Leptons interact through weak interactions, but not via the strong force. All leptons have spin of 1/2. There are six kinds of lepton: electron e-, muon m-, and tau t -, and 3 neutrinos ne, nm, nt ...
pdf file - Particle Theory
pdf file - Particle Theory

... -- 400 years ago many forces, phenomena – then unified understanding of: • Motion on earth and in heavens • Motion and heat • Motion and sound • Electricity and magnetism • Different forms of energy • Everything we see made of atoms • Chemistry and physics • Everything we see made of electron and qu ...
Beyond_Standard_Model_Physics
Beyond_Standard_Model_Physics

961122 - NCTU Institute of Physics國立交通大學物理研究所
961122 - NCTU Institute of Physics國立交通大學物理研究所

... Question: Are they all fundamental particles? ...
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Beyond Standard Model Physics

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Beyond Standard Model Physics

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Weak interaction Weak interaction, Spontaneous symmetry Breaking

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PHY583 - Test 3 - 20.6.12 - with solution

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Physics Overview

Phase Transitions in Early Universe
Phase Transitions in Early Universe

... basic force in nature(electromagnetic force, weak force, strong force and gravity) has been tried to unified into only one fundamental force especially after the development of unification on the electromagnetic and weak force proposed by Glashow, Salam and Weinberg independently at around 70’s.[6]. ...
Lesson 30: Particle Physics
Lesson 30: Particle Physics

... Find the energy equivalent of the mass of a neutron. [939 MeV/c2]! What kinds of subatomic particles will leave tracks in a bubble chamber and what kinds will not leave tracks in a bubble chamber.! Why is a magnetic field often applied across a bubble chamber? What can the curvature of a particle's ...
What is a Force?
What is a Force?

... This particle would be holding not only protons to protons but protons to neutrons and neutrons to neutrons He predicted the properties the new particle should have. The neutral pion (π0) was discovered in 1947 and it was thought to be totally responsible for the strong force. We now know this is no ...
Summer Talk - University of Toronto, Particle Physics and
Summer Talk - University of Toronto, Particle Physics and

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Aspen-Winter08-summary

do physics online from quanta to quarks high
do physics online from quanta to quarks high

... From experiments using accelerators many elementary particles other than the electron, proton and neutron have been discovered. The most widely accepted theory of elementary particles at present is the Standard Model. All matter consists of:  Fermions which exert attractive or repulsive forces on ...
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From Particles to Solutions

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< 1 ... 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 ... 89 >

Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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