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The Structure of Matter The Standard Model of Elementary Particles
The Structure of Matter The Standard Model of Elementary Particles

... The Higgs Particle or Higgs boson: a boson-like force mediator, but does not actually mediate any force; explains the mass of other particles, including the W and Z bosons; not known if this particle is elementary; was tentatively confirmed in 2013 to be positively charged and to have zero spin. ...
An Introduction to the Standard Model and the Electroweak Force
An Introduction to the Standard Model and the Electroweak Force

... corresponds to a quanta which is part of the Higgs field but not a part of giving mass to force carriers in the electro-weak field. This particle is called the Higgs boson. 19 ...
QCD and Nuclei
QCD and Nuclei

... As long as you let it be the most general possible Lagrangian consistent with the symmetries of the theory, you're simply writing down the most general theory you could possibly write down. ... “ “F-proof”: It’s hard to see how it can go wrong ...
What are we are made of?
What are we are made of?

... charged W particles and one Z particle. They did not sit well with the light-footed photon. How could the electroweak force, which unifies electromagnetic and weak forces, come about? The Standard Model was threatened. This is where Englert, Brout and Higgs entered the stage with the ingenious mech ...
Particle Physics
Particle Physics

... there is a di↵erent kind of field for each particle in Nature. An electron field, several quark fields, and so on. What happens is that ripples in this field get tied up in knots by virtue of quantum mechanics. It is those ripples that we identify as particles. ...
Doc - Paradigm Shift Now
Doc - Paradigm Shift Now

String Theory
String Theory

... Quantum Gravity, the strings exist near Planck length (10^-33cm) Multiple types of string theory exist, and are classified by open/closed strings and also supersymmetry. (bosons and fermions) Different string theories require different spacetime dimensions to work—Range from 10 to 26 ...
Particle Physics in the International Baccalaureate - Indico
Particle Physics in the International Baccalaureate - Indico

The Sub-Atomic Particle * J
The Sub-Atomic Particle * J

... Thomson presented his new theory of the model of the atom: the Plum Pudding Model. In this model, Thomson theorized that the bulk of the atom is a mass of positive charge while electrons are uniformly scattered throughout. While the Plum Pudding Model is no longer accepted as accurate, it helps to m ...
The Learnability of Quantum States
The Learnability of Quantum States

Detecting particles in particle physics
Detecting particles in particle physics

... a particle has left energy • Different detectors use light /charge to do this. • Measurements help us to learn physics properties of particles. ...
Supersymmetry: what? why? when?
Supersymmetry: what? why? when?

Read more here - Celebration Publications
Read more here - Celebration Publications

... Scientists remind us there is also what’s called a “quantum potential,” which exists at every point in the vacuum of our three-dimensional physical space. In it, under the proper conditions, matter and energy can literally materialize out of what we used to think of as absolutely nothing. The vacuum ...
Anomaly driven signatures of new invisible physics
Anomaly driven signatures of new invisible physics

Nuclear Forces and Quarks
Nuclear Forces and Quarks

REVIEW and REINFORCEMENT Structure of the Atom
REVIEW and REINFORCEMENT Structure of the Atom

... Date ...
hdwsmp2011 - FSU High Energy Physics
hdwsmp2011 - FSU High Energy Physics

Lecture 2
Lecture 2

... Electricity, all the phenomena that result from the interaction of electrical charges. Electric and magnetic effects are caused by the relative positions and movements of charged particles of matter. When a charge is stationary (static), it produces electrostatic forces on charged objects, and when ...
Physical Origin of Elementary Particle Masses
Physical Origin of Elementary Particle Masses

... not more. As previously stated, the original standard model itself contains 18 free parameters, and several more if neutrinos are non-massless, most of them related to the theoretically incalculable masses. In supersymmetric extensions of the standard model the free parameters rank in the number of ...
Is the Final Piece of the Natural Law Puzzle Almost Solved
Is the Final Piece of the Natural Law Puzzle Almost Solved

... However, as the ...
The Fine Structure Constant and Electron (g‐2) Factor: Questions
The Fine Structure Constant and Electron (g‐2) Factor: Questions

Statistical Mechanics
Statistical Mechanics

Multiparticle Quantum: Exchange
Multiparticle Quantum: Exchange

Conception of Generations
Conception of Generations

Elements of a Physics Case for HE LHC
Elements of a Physics Case for HE LHC

... Cures of the Naturalness Problem 1. Disallow all scalars in the theory (Technicolor). 1. Disallow higher mass scales (extra dimensions). 2. Symmetry cancels quadratic divergences (supersymmetry) ...
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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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