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Ross.pdf
Ross.pdf

... The Standard Model describes all the matter we observe in the universe in terms of a small number of elementary particles with interactions described by simple laws. The protons and neutrons which make up the atomic nucleus are made from elementary constituents, the (charge 23 ) up and the (charge - ...
SYMMETRIES IN THE SUBATOMIC WORLD Symmetries play a
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... Symmetries play a fundamental role in elementary particle physics. The Standard Model describing electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, is based on a gauge symmetry which is the source of all its mathematical coherence. Electroweak spontaneous symmetry breaking is the central pillar of the m ...
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... naturally. Apart from dark matter candidate, the introduction of SUSY also helps to develop the Grand Unified Theory (GUT), in which at high energy the three gauge interaction of the Standard Model are merged into one single interaction. The merging happens at GUT scale (a few orders below the Planc ...
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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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