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Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include
Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include

... measurement of the other value. This theory became known as the uncertainty principle, which prompted Albert Einstein's famous comment, "God does not play dice." ...
Journey into the Microcosm – The Story of Elementary Particles
Journey into the Microcosm – The Story of Elementary Particles

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g - Experimental High Energy Physics

INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS

Periodic Table of Particles/Forces in the Standard Model
Periodic Table of Particles/Forces in the Standard Model

From Electrons to Quarks
From Electrons to Quarks

... ‹ particle moving upward, as determined by the increase in curvature of the top half of the track after it passed through the lead plate, ‹ and curving to the left, meaning its charge is positive. ...
Chapters 9, 11, 12 Summary
Chapters 9, 11, 12 Summary

pdf file - UC Davis Particle Theory
pdf file - UC Davis Particle Theory

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From the last time… - UW High Energy Physics

Principles of Computer Architecture Dr. Mike Frank
Principles of Computer Architecture Dr. Mike Frank

... maximum number of neighbors. • Most favored when all pairs have same total momentum. - Wavefunctions in phase • As a result, each electron’s momentum is “locked” to its neighbors. – All of the pairs move together. ...
PH4041 – Atomic, Nuclear, and Particle Physics
PH4041 – Atomic, Nuclear, and Particle Physics

THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND: A descriptive account of
THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND: A descriptive account of

Supercomputing in High Energy Physics
Supercomputing in High Energy Physics

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20071008133014301

... We suspect the vacuum is full of another sort of matter that is responsible – the higgs…. a new sort of matter – a scalar? ...
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StandardModel

... What are Force Carriers? Now the question is, how are these matter particles held together?? -- by the basic forces in nature! There are four basic forces in nature. These are: •Gravitational interaction which makes apples fall on certain peoples heads. It is also this which pulls together the Eart ...
What is matter? - National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
What is matter? - National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory

... • Are there more particles we don’t know about yet? • What is charge? Why does it come in fixed units? Same for lepton number and baryon number… • Why is the standard model so complicated? • Why 4 forces? • How is gravity related to the other forces? • In general the standard model does not answer t ...
Modern Physics
Modern Physics

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... Coupling constants have an energy dependence due to (higher order) virtual interactions. These change the measured value of the coupling constant and make it depend on the energy scale at which it is measured (logarithmic dependence). The strong and weak couplings decrease with energy whilst the EM ...
PHY 551 - Stony Brook University
PHY 551 - Stony Brook University

A modern view of forces - HEP Educational Outreach
A modern view of forces - HEP Educational Outreach

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The Second Century of Particle Physics
The Second Century of Particle Physics

... neutrino, which is electrically neutral, very light, and barely interacts at all! ...
Announcements
Announcements

Room: PHYS 238 Time: 9:00  10:15 Monday and Wednesday
Room: PHYS 238 Time: 9:00 10:15 Monday and Wednesday

Experimental Tests of the Standard Model
Experimental Tests of the Standard Model

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Grand Unified Theory

A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions or forces, are merged into one single force. This unified interaction is characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus several force carriers, but one unified coupling constant. If Grand Unification is realized in nature, there is the possibility of a grand unification epoch in the early universe in which the fundamental forces are not yet distinct.Models that do not unify all interactions using one simple Lie group as the gauge symmetry, but do so using semisimple groups, can exhibit similar properties and are sometimes referred to as Grand Unified Theories as well.Unifying gravity with the other three interactions would provide a theory of everything (TOE), rather than a GUT. Nevertheless, GUTs are often seen as an intermediate step towards a TOE.The novel particles predicted by GUT models are expected to have energies around the GUT scale—just a few orders of magnitude below the Planck scale—and so will be well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will be unable to be observed directly and instead the effects of grand unification might be detected through indirect observations such as proton decay, electric dipole moments of elementary particles, or the properties of neutrinos. Some grand unified theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles.As of 2012, all GUT models which aim to be completely realistic are quite complicated, even compared to the Standard Model, because they need to introduce additional fields and interactions, or even additional dimensions of space. The main reason for this complexity lies in the difficulty of reproducing the observed fermion masses and mixing angles. Due to this difficulty, and due to the lack of any observed effect of grand unification so far, there is no generally accepted GUT model.
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