Physical Optics
... methods are used very widely in physics and recognise the inter-relation of variables in different dimensions such as “time and frequency” or “space and spatial frequency”. The latter concept will be useful to us in understanding the formation of images in optical systems. Having established the mat ...
... methods are used very widely in physics and recognise the inter-relation of variables in different dimensions such as “time and frequency” or “space and spatial frequency”. The latter concept will be useful to us in understanding the formation of images in optical systems. Having established the mat ...
Upholding the diffraction limit in the focusing of light and sound
... as a far-field phenomenon occurring over distances larger than the wavelength; below we will show that distinguishing between far-field focusing and near-field ‘hot spots’ is essential for a correct interpretation of experimental results. 2. What is the diffraction limit? To begin with, we need to d ...
... as a far-field phenomenon occurring over distances larger than the wavelength; below we will show that distinguishing between far-field focusing and near-field ‘hot spots’ is essential for a correct interpretation of experimental results. 2. What is the diffraction limit? To begin with, we need to d ...
Get PDF - OSA Publishing
... 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814 USA ∗ [email protected] ...
... 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814 USA ∗ [email protected] ...
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... εd are optical constants of metal and dielectric media, respectively [33]. Next, RayleighWood’s (RW) anomaly also creates some peaks or dips in narrow spectra because there is a diffraction order (j) emerging at the grazing angle. This effect can be predicted by [(λ / Λ ) j ]2 + 2(λ / Λ ) j sin θ − ...
... εd are optical constants of metal and dielectric media, respectively [33]. Next, RayleighWood’s (RW) anomaly also creates some peaks or dips in narrow spectra because there is a diffraction order (j) emerging at the grazing angle. This effect can be predicted by [(λ / Λ ) j ]2 + 2(λ / Λ ) j sin θ − ...
THE FRESNEL DIFFRACTION : A STORY OF LIGHT AND DARKNESS
... z. Each spatial frequency is affected by a phase factor proportional to the square modulus of the frequency. For the sake of simplicity, we will still denote this function a modulation transfer function (MTF), although it is quite different from the usual Hermician MTFs encountered in incoherent ima ...
... z. Each spatial frequency is affected by a phase factor proportional to the square modulus of the frequency. For the sake of simplicity, we will still denote this function a modulation transfer function (MTF), although it is quite different from the usual Hermician MTFs encountered in incoherent ima ...
Modeling Moiré: Visual Beat Effects in Nature and Optical Metrology
... cryptography), and counterfeit prevention, to name only a few. Moiré effects have even been employed to study the structure of graphene, one of frontier topics in science today. In the field of optics, the moiré effect can be combined with the Talbot self-imaging effect in diffraction to determine ...
... cryptography), and counterfeit prevention, to name only a few. Moiré effects have even been employed to study the structure of graphene, one of frontier topics in science today. In the field of optics, the moiré effect can be combined with the Talbot self-imaging effect in diffraction to determine ...
PDF
... Design and Construction of a Combined XRF/ Raman Microanalyser The conventional irradiation/detection geometry of µ-XRF spectrometers usually involves the irradiation of the materials to be investigated under an angle close to 45°, while the emitted X-ray fluorescence radiation is detected under a si ...
... Design and Construction of a Combined XRF/ Raman Microanalyser The conventional irradiation/detection geometry of µ-XRF spectrometers usually involves the irradiation of the materials to be investigated under an angle close to 45°, while the emitted X-ray fluorescence radiation is detected under a si ...
UV-light microscope: improvements in optical imaging for a
... components that did not transmit UV light were replaced with UV compatible versions, including the optical waveguide, the objective lens, the mirror and the transfer lens inside the vacuum chamber; as well as the condenser lens of the illuminator and the zoom lens below the CCD camera that are outsi ...
... components that did not transmit UV light were replaced with UV compatible versions, including the optical waveguide, the objective lens, the mirror and the transfer lens inside the vacuum chamber; as well as the condenser lens of the illuminator and the zoom lens below the CCD camera that are outsi ...
Microscopy Overview
... source is usually used. In critical illumination, the source is focused on to the object by a condenser lens. The disadvantage of this approach is that variations in emission of the source are imaged directly into the image. Cheaper microscopes avoid this problem by using a diffuser. Better microsco ...
... source is usually used. In critical illumination, the source is focused on to the object by a condenser lens. The disadvantage of this approach is that variations in emission of the source are imaged directly into the image. Cheaper microscopes avoid this problem by using a diffuser. Better microsco ...
Backward wave propagation in left-handed media with isotropic and
... in the plane containing both the optical axis and the propagation direction, then the wave is considered extraordinary. The k-space diagram for the extraordinary wave propagating through a medium with material parameters ⑀s = 1, ⑀z = −2, and r = 1 is shown in Fig. 2. It should be noted that since i ...
... in the plane containing both the optical axis and the propagation direction, then the wave is considered extraordinary. The k-space diagram for the extraordinary wave propagating through a medium with material parameters ⑀s = 1, ⑀z = −2, and r = 1 is shown in Fig. 2. It should be noted that since i ...
1.1 Objectives
... formed by multiple light filaments is able to provide long range guiding of microwave beams without spreading [11]. Recent experiments also show that extraordinary properties of light filament induced plasma channel enable the generation of terahertz electromagnetic waves in the direction of laser b ...
... formed by multiple light filaments is able to provide long range guiding of microwave beams without spreading [11]. Recent experiments also show that extraordinary properties of light filament induced plasma channel enable the generation of terahertz electromagnetic waves in the direction of laser b ...
Super-resolution Microscopy
... switching based super-resolution microscopy. However, as opposed to STED this is not a pointby-point scanning method. Instead a periodic illumination pattern is generated on the sample plane by imaging a phase mask (for example a grating with a finely spaced linear pattern) placed in the excitation ...
... switching based super-resolution microscopy. However, as opposed to STED this is not a pointby-point scanning method. Instead a periodic illumination pattern is generated on the sample plane by imaging a phase mask (for example a grating with a finely spaced linear pattern) placed in the excitation ...
Novel sol-gel material for fabrication of a long period waveguide
... recorded by using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). As a result, a series of transmission loss peaks with a wavelength range of 1260–1630 nm and a temperature range from 19°C to 70°C were observed from the transmission spectra. The temperature dependence of the resonance wavelength of LPWG filter ...
... recorded by using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). As a result, a series of transmission loss peaks with a wavelength range of 1260–1630 nm and a temperature range from 19°C to 70°C were observed from the transmission spectra. The temperature dependence of the resonance wavelength of LPWG filter ...
Transparent mirrors: rays, waves and localization
... This is identical with the naive ray theory recursion formula (2), provided two conditions are satisfied. First, the reflected intensity from the first element is reversible, that is |R1− |2 = |R1 |2 ; this is the case for sequences of films (even with absorption, if the elements are correctly chose ...
... This is identical with the naive ray theory recursion formula (2), provided two conditions are satisfied. First, the reflected intensity from the first element is reversible, that is |R1− |2 = |R1 |2 ; this is the case for sequences of films (even with absorption, if the elements are correctly chose ...
Roger`s Descriptions
... 1-D and 2-D continuous Fourier transforms 4.3.1 projections of functions onto basis functions 4.3.2 basis functions of linear shift-invariant systems 4.3.3 theorems of continuous Fourier transforms Imaging systems as filters 4.4.1 classes of filters: lowpass, highpass, bandpass, phase ...
... 1-D and 2-D continuous Fourier transforms 4.3.1 projections of functions onto basis functions 4.3.2 basis functions of linear shift-invariant systems 4.3.3 theorems of continuous Fourier transforms Imaging systems as filters 4.4.1 classes of filters: lowpass, highpass, bandpass, phase ...
2.2 Basic Optical Laws and Definitions
... ¾ Condition of wave propagation : All points on the same phase front (wave front) of a plane wave must be in phase ¾ That means: Phase change between the two different tracings with same phase front must be an integer multiple of 2π ¾ Wavefront : The surfaces joining all points of equal phase are kn ...
... ¾ Condition of wave propagation : All points on the same phase front (wave front) of a plane wave must be in phase ¾ That means: Phase change between the two different tracings with same phase front must be an integer multiple of 2π ¾ Wavefront : The surfaces joining all points of equal phase are kn ...
optical coherence tomography
... of reflecting sites in the object are measured. In diagnostic ultrasound, e.g., the waves propagate sufficiently slowly so that transit times can be measured with purely electronic means. In optics, specific techniques such as femtosecond impulses, photon density waves, and/or coherence techniques h ...
... of reflecting sites in the object are measured. In diagnostic ultrasound, e.g., the waves propagate sufficiently slowly so that transit times can be measured with purely electronic means. In optics, specific techniques such as femtosecond impulses, photon density waves, and/or coherence techniques h ...
Analysis of Tilted Grating Etalon for DWDM Demultiplexer Sommart Sang-Ngern, Non-member
... Fig.7(f), when increasing the incident angle, the center bragg wavelength is up-shifted. For Fig.7(c) the center bragg wavelength at the wavelength of about 1490 nm but for Fig.7(e) the center bragg wavelength at the wavelength of about 1557 nm. Furthermore, the relation between the center bragg wav ...
... Fig.7(f), when increasing the incident angle, the center bragg wavelength is up-shifted. For Fig.7(c) the center bragg wavelength at the wavelength of about 1490 nm but for Fig.7(e) the center bragg wavelength at the wavelength of about 1557 nm. Furthermore, the relation between the center bragg wav ...
ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
... sources. The spectra derived from low-energy sources such as flames are simpler than those from electrical discharges, although the temperature of flames and furnaces (2000–4000 K) is inadequate to excite many of the elements. Nevertheless, flame emission spectrometry is widely used for the determinati ...
... sources. The spectra derived from low-energy sources such as flames are simpler than those from electrical discharges, although the temperature of flames and furnaces (2000–4000 K) is inadequate to excite many of the elements. Nevertheless, flame emission spectrometry is widely used for the determinati ...
topic 4: three phase circuit
... economical than the single phase. – The amount of wire required for a three phase system is less than required for an equivalent single phase system. ...
... economical than the single phase. – The amount of wire required for a three phase system is less than required for an equivalent single phase system. ...
Optimal wavelength for ultrahigh-resolution optical
... of the 1.32 µm source is much greater than that of the 940 nm source. This experimental result shows that the light source near 1.0 µm had a small GVD and that its influence on OCT resolution is much smaller than at 1.3 µm. To simulate the broadening effect in ultrahigh resolution OCT, calculations ...
... of the 1.32 µm source is much greater than that of the 940 nm source. This experimental result shows that the light source near 1.0 µm had a small GVD and that its influence on OCT resolution is much smaller than at 1.3 µm. To simulate the broadening effect in ultrahigh resolution OCT, calculations ...
Bessel Beam Theory - u.arizona.edu
... beam will be compared with the Rayleigh range of a Gaussian beam of the same radius as this lobe. ...
... beam will be compared with the Rayleigh range of a Gaussian beam of the same radius as this lobe. ...
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images. Standard X-ray imaging techniques like radiography or computed tomography (CT) rely on a decrease of the X-ray beam's intensity (attenuation) when traversing the sample, which can be measured directly with the assistance of an X-ray detector. In PCI however, the beam's phase shift caused by the sample is not measured directly, but is transformed into variations in intensity, which then can be recorded by the detector.In addition to producing projection images, PCI, like conventional transmission, can be combined with tomographic techniques to obtain the 3D distribution of the real part of the refractive index of the sample. When applied to samples that consist of atoms with low atomic number Z, PCI is more sensitive to density variations in the sample than conventional transmission-based X-ray imaging. This leads to images with improved soft tissue contrast.In the last several years, a variety of phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques have been developed, all of which are based on the observation of interference patterns between diffracted and undiffracted waves. The most common techniques are crystal interferometry, propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging, edge-illumination and grating-based imaging (see below).