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Comparison of two-color methods based on wavelength and
... [28] K. Meiners-Hagen, and A. Abou-Zeid, “Refractive index determination in length measurement by two-colour interferometry,” Meas. ...
... [28] K. Meiners-Hagen, and A. Abou-Zeid, “Refractive index determination in length measurement by two-colour interferometry,” Meas. ...
EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF PHASE DIFFERENCE
... MSAL algorithm, are shown in Table 1. For r = 0 and r = 100 samples, or the introduced phase delay equal to aπ, the algorithm is not defined. Theoretically, the introduced phase delay may be contained in an interval (a π , a π + π ) , but in practice the introduced phase delay near ( 2l + 1)π 2 is r ...
... MSAL algorithm, are shown in Table 1. For r = 0 and r = 100 samples, or the introduced phase delay equal to aπ, the algorithm is not defined. Theoretically, the introduced phase delay may be contained in an interval (a π , a π + π ) , but in practice the introduced phase delay near ( 2l + 1)π 2 is r ...
A demonstration of rotating sound waves in free space
... standing wave ⌽S = sin cos t can be produced by placing a second pair of sources at the points y = ⫾ a, emitting with a relative phase of . The superposition of a pair of orthogonal standing waves will produce a rotating wave as described by Eq. 共3兲. For this purpose the relative phases betwee ...
... standing wave ⌽S = sin cos t can be produced by placing a second pair of sources at the points y = ⫾ a, emitting with a relative phase of . The superposition of a pair of orthogonal standing waves will produce a rotating wave as described by Eq. 共3兲. For this purpose the relative phases betwee ...
Mid Infrared digital holography and Terahertz imaging
... Holography was ideated in 1948 by the naturalized British Hungarian physicist Dénes Gábor, during his studies on the electronic microscope [18]. Gabor devised a technique to record and, subsequently, reconstruct both the amplitude and the phase information of a light wavefront diffracted by an objec ...
... Holography was ideated in 1948 by the naturalized British Hungarian physicist Dénes Gábor, during his studies on the electronic microscope [18]. Gabor devised a technique to record and, subsequently, reconstruct both the amplitude and the phase information of a light wavefront diffracted by an objec ...
Dispersion Compensation using a Prism-pair
... many types of pulse-shaping techniques and configurations are very common in spectroscopy-oriented experiments. When complete control of the spectral amplitude and phase is required, a general Fourier-domain pulse-shaper [10] can be used, which provides independent control of phase and amplitude for ...
... many types of pulse-shaping techniques and configurations are very common in spectroscopy-oriented experiments. When complete control of the spectral amplitude and phase is required, a general Fourier-domain pulse-shaper [10] can be used, which provides independent control of phase and amplitude for ...
Holographic Fabrication of Designed Functional Defect Lines in
... including phase masks [10–14], prisms [15], and reflective optical elements [17,18], has significantly reduced the complexity of the optical setup for laser holographic lithography. Holographic lithography has also been applied to fabrication of PhC templates and desired defects simultaneously [19–2 ...
... including phase masks [10–14], prisms [15], and reflective optical elements [17,18], has significantly reduced the complexity of the optical setup for laser holographic lithography. Holographic lithography has also been applied to fabrication of PhC templates and desired defects simultaneously [19–2 ...
Appendix B 2Spectral Decomposition of Diffracted Light
... superposition involves summing the complex amplitudes of plane waves. However, in the case where incoherent light22 is used, the intensities of the plane-wave components add. Therefore, the phase term is no longer important in the relationship between fringe spectrum and light diffraction. So far th ...
... superposition involves summing the complex amplitudes of plane waves. However, in the case where incoherent light22 is used, the intensities of the plane-wave components add. Therefore, the phase term is no longer important in the relationship between fringe spectrum and light diffraction. So far th ...
Michelson Interferometer
... Concentric circular fringes (fringes of equal inclination): Concentric circular fringes are obtained when the air film is parallel as shown in Fig. 2. M2' is the virtual image of M2 and it is parallel to M1. For simplicity, light source L is at the observer's position. L1 and L2 are the virtual ima ...
... Concentric circular fringes (fringes of equal inclination): Concentric circular fringes are obtained when the air film is parallel as shown in Fig. 2. M2' is the virtual image of M2 and it is parallel to M1. For simplicity, light source L is at the observer's position. L1 and L2 are the virtual ima ...
The Optical and Physical Advisor: Peter Collings
... crystal phase have been published to date. The photosensitivity of the azo-benzene liquid crystals arises for reasons analogous to the ones given above, and has been examined because of such a system's high potential to be useful in all-optical switching devices. Lee et al. (2000) found that irradia ...
... crystal phase have been published to date. The photosensitivity of the azo-benzene liquid crystals arises for reasons analogous to the ones given above, and has been examined because of such a system's high potential to be useful in all-optical switching devices. Lee et al. (2000) found that irradia ...
"Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy". In: Current Protocols in
... image is projected by the condenser as a parallel pencil into infinity through the specimen. These pencils uniformly distribute the light intensity of each source point across their diameter, which in turn is set by the field diaphragm. In the back focal plane of the objective, also called the objec ...
... image is projected by the condenser as a parallel pencil into infinity through the specimen. These pencils uniformly distribute the light intensity of each source point across their diameter, which in turn is set by the field diaphragm. In the back focal plane of the objective, also called the objec ...
Nomarski differential interference-contrast microscopy
... cemented surface of th is prism. (For greater clarity, one of the prism segments is dotted) . If the center plane of the Wollaston prism lies in the iamp-side focal plane of the condenser, the two beams will travel along parallel path s, slightly separated laterally in relati on to each other, after ...
... cemented surface of th is prism. (For greater clarity, one of the prism segments is dotted) . If the center plane of the Wollaston prism lies in the iamp-side focal plane of the condenser, the two beams will travel along parallel path s, slightly separated laterally in relati on to each other, after ...
Contribution of Structure and Morphology of Design Constituents to Performance Improvement of Multilayer Polaritonic Photodetector
... It was shown that at low temperature annealing (∼120 oC) Au films, deposited at RT, undergoes morphological transition caused by melting of small-scale irregularities and forms the optimum surface structure in view of the maximum sensitivity of the SPR photodetector. The best description of optical ...
... It was shown that at low temperature annealing (∼120 oC) Au films, deposited at RT, undergoes morphological transition caused by melting of small-scale irregularities and forms the optimum surface structure in view of the maximum sensitivity of the SPR photodetector. The best description of optical ...
Part II
... • In a diffraction experiment, the spacing of lines on the grating can be found from the separation of the diffraction maxima. Also, information about the structure of the lines on the grating can be obtained by measuring the relative intensities of different orders • Similarly, measurement of the s ...
... • In a diffraction experiment, the spacing of lines on the grating can be found from the separation of the diffraction maxima. Also, information about the structure of the lines on the grating can be obtained by measuring the relative intensities of different orders • Similarly, measurement of the s ...
Effect of group-delay ripples on dispersion
... phase reversal. In Region I 共c 苷 p兲, the center frequency of the soliton is aligned with one of the minima of the dispersion ripples. The effective grating dispersion is always anomalous, i.e., b # 0, because we have chosen g , 0. When T0 is large, the dispersion varies rapidly in a pulse bandwidth. ...
... phase reversal. In Region I 共c 苷 p兲, the center frequency of the soliton is aligned with one of the minima of the dispersion ripples. The effective grating dispersion is always anomalous, i.e., b # 0, because we have chosen g , 0. When T0 is large, the dispersion varies rapidly in a pulse bandwidth. ...
Apodized Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings for Wavelength Shift Compensation under... Level
... spectrum of a finite length Bragg gratings with uniform modulation of the index of refraction is accompanied by a series of side lobes at adjacent wavelengths. It is important in some applications to lower and if possible eliminate the reflectivity of these side lobes, or to apodize the reflection s ...
... spectrum of a finite length Bragg gratings with uniform modulation of the index of refraction is accompanied by a series of side lobes at adjacent wavelengths. It is important in some applications to lower and if possible eliminate the reflectivity of these side lobes, or to apodize the reflection s ...
Extended depth-of-field iris recognition system for a
... field of view determines the spatial extent of the scene acquired by the sensor. Depth of field determines how far a planar object can move away from the best focus position and still be imaged without focus errors. The exposure period is defined as the detector integration time while acquiring an i ...
... field of view determines the spatial extent of the scene acquired by the sensor. Depth of field determines how far a planar object can move away from the best focus position and still be imaged without focus errors. The exposure period is defined as the detector integration time while acquiring an i ...
Immersion microscopy based on photonic crystal materials
... crystal space”, while the same portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (limited by the kmax value) is available to an experimentalist. Because of the photonic crystal periodicity, the points in Fourier space separated by integer multiples of the inverse lattice vectors are equivalent to each other. ...
... crystal space”, while the same portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (limited by the kmax value) is available to an experimentalist. Because of the photonic crystal periodicity, the points in Fourier space separated by integer multiples of the inverse lattice vectors are equivalent to each other. ...
Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect
... incidence. The PEM retardation axis is typically normal to the plane of incidence although it can be parallel to the plane of ...
... incidence. The PEM retardation axis is typically normal to the plane of incidence although it can be parallel to the plane of ...
QUANTITIES, TERMINOLOGY, AND SYMBOLS IN
... The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter causes absorption, emission, and scattering of radiation. Except for emission and scattering, the absorbed electromagnetic energy is converted to heat by various nonradiative processes and induces changes in temperature, pressure, and refracti ...
... The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter causes absorption, emission, and scattering of radiation. Except for emission and scattering, the absorbed electromagnetic energy is converted to heat by various nonradiative processes and induces changes in temperature, pressure, and refracti ...
[PDF]
... these patterns. The advantages of this approach are that the etching can be done after the device has been fabricated and patterns introduce only low additional loss. In addition, by using suitable masks, only one additional simple process step is required. By using the 3D-BPM simulation, the effect ...
... these patterns. The advantages of this approach are that the etching can be done after the device has been fabricated and patterns introduce only low additional loss. In addition, by using suitable masks, only one additional simple process step is required. By using the 3D-BPM simulation, the effect ...
Total internal reflection photonic crystal prism
... characteristics of these waves that distinguish them from propagating waves. The first is their intensity profile, which exponentially decays away from the source that created them. This means that they are highly localized to a surface or edge. In microscopy [1, 2] and spectroscopy [3], this result ...
... characteristics of these waves that distinguish them from propagating waves. The first is their intensity profile, which exponentially decays away from the source that created them. This means that they are highly localized to a surface or edge. In microscopy [1, 2] and spectroscopy [3], this result ...
Quadrature phase-shift error analysis using a homodyne laser
... corresponding initial phases and Vxoff,yoff are the DC offsets. Vx0,y0 and Vxoff,yoff are constants, because we ensured a highly constant laser output power within the acquisition time. A few error sources influence only a single parameter in Eq. (4), while, for example, rotating the OWP contributes ...
... corresponding initial phases and Vxoff,yoff are the DC offsets. Vx0,y0 and Vxoff,yoff are constants, because we ensured a highly constant laser output power within the acquisition time. A few error sources influence only a single parameter in Eq. (4), while, for example, rotating the OWP contributes ...
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Attenuation_and_phase_shift_of_electromagnetic_wave_propagating_in_medium_with_complex_index_of_refraction_n.png?width=300)
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images. Standard X-ray imaging techniques like radiography or computed tomography (CT) rely on a decrease of the X-ray beam's intensity (attenuation) when traversing the sample, which can be measured directly with the assistance of an X-ray detector. In PCI however, the beam's phase shift caused by the sample is not measured directly, but is transformed into variations in intensity, which then can be recorded by the detector.In addition to producing projection images, PCI, like conventional transmission, can be combined with tomographic techniques to obtain the 3D distribution of the real part of the refractive index of the sample. When applied to samples that consist of atoms with low atomic number Z, PCI is more sensitive to density variations in the sample than conventional transmission-based X-ray imaging. This leads to images with improved soft tissue contrast.In the last several years, a variety of phase-contrast X-ray imaging techniques have been developed, all of which are based on the observation of interference patterns between diffracted and undiffracted waves. The most common techniques are crystal interferometry, propagation-based imaging, analyzer-based imaging, edge-illumination and grating-based imaging (see below).