Structural Loop Between the Cerebellum and the Superior Temporal
... of Tübingen Medical School, DE72076 Tübingen, Germany, 4Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, DE52074 Aachen, Germany and 5Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, MEG Center, University of Tübingen Medical School, DE72076 Tübinge ...
... of Tübingen Medical School, DE72076 Tübingen, Germany, 4Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, DE52074 Aachen, Germany and 5Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, MEG Center, University of Tübingen Medical School, DE72076 Tübinge ...
Neural integration
... Takes many forms: – physical force (such as pressure) – dissolved chemical ...
... Takes many forms: – physical force (such as pressure) – dissolved chemical ...
2) Classical Conditioning
... 2. Neutral Stimulus (NS) ---> does not elicit the response of interest: this stimulus is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response. 3. The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned (Natural) Stimulus (US). 4. The NS is transformed i ...
... 2. Neutral Stimulus (NS) ---> does not elicit the response of interest: this stimulus is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response. 3. The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned (Natural) Stimulus (US). 4. The NS is transformed i ...
Phonemic Coding Might Result From Sensory
... example that if one optimizes the energy of vowel systems as defined by a compromise between articulatory cost and perceptual distinctiveness, one finds systems which follow the structural and frequency regularities of human languages. (Schwartz et al. 1997) reproduced and extended the results to CV s ...
... example that if one optimizes the energy of vowel systems as defined by a compromise between articulatory cost and perceptual distinctiveness, one finds systems which follow the structural and frequency regularities of human languages. (Schwartz et al. 1997) reproduced and extended the results to CV s ...
The Non-Visual Detection of Staring
... One was that a staring signal cannot be measured independently of a subjective report. But this argument would surely rule out much normal research in psychology, including research on pain. His second objection was that such a signal is ‘far outside the realms of current scientific knowledge’. This ...
... One was that a staring signal cannot be measured independently of a subjective report. But this argument would surely rule out much normal research in psychology, including research on pain. His second objection was that such a signal is ‘far outside the realms of current scientific knowledge’. This ...
Behavioral Objectives
... The retina has three layers of neurons. The rod and cones synapse with the bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with ganglion cells that initiate nerve impulses. As signals pass from layer to the next integration occurs because each layer contains fewer cells than the previous layer. Blind Spot Ther ...
... The retina has three layers of neurons. The rod and cones synapse with the bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with ganglion cells that initiate nerve impulses. As signals pass from layer to the next integration occurs because each layer contains fewer cells than the previous layer. Blind Spot Ther ...
Processing of complex stimuli and natural scenes in the visual cortex
... non-classical RF (nCRF). Context effects have been extensively studied and a diverse range of these have been described (see Allman et al. and Fitzpatrick [20,21] for a review). A recent study sought to classify these effects [22]. But instead of finding a unified picture of contextual effects, the ...
... non-classical RF (nCRF). Context effects have been extensively studied and a diverse range of these have been described (see Allman et al. and Fitzpatrick [20,21] for a review). A recent study sought to classify these effects [22]. But instead of finding a unified picture of contextual effects, the ...
The role of mirror neurons in speech perception and
... subset of apraxic patients also have pantomime recognition deficits (Heilman, Rothi, & Valenstein, 1982), which has been taken as evidence for overlap in the neural systems supporting action execution and action understanding (Gallese et al., 1996). Some studies of apraxic patients have linked actio ...
... subset of apraxic patients also have pantomime recognition deficits (Heilman, Rothi, & Valenstein, 1982), which has been taken as evidence for overlap in the neural systems supporting action execution and action understanding (Gallese et al., 1996). Some studies of apraxic patients have linked actio ...
Sensory signals during active versus passive movement
... insights into our understanding of how sensory signals are processed during movement. In this review, I consider recent advances in this field, focusing on experiments in the vestibular system that have provided evidence for the differential processing of reafference early in sensory systems [1,2,3 ...
... insights into our understanding of how sensory signals are processed during movement. In this review, I consider recent advances in this field, focusing on experiments in the vestibular system that have provided evidence for the differential processing of reafference early in sensory systems [1,2,3 ...
MUSIC PERCEPTION AND COGNITION
... the partials, whereas the pitch percept does not (Patterson, 1973; Green, 1976). Most subsequent theories have postulated a pattern recognition system that attempts to match the signal to a noisy or fuzzy harmonic template (e.g., Goldstein, 1973; Terhardt, 1972, 1974, 1979; Wightman, 1973b). The clo ...
... the partials, whereas the pitch percept does not (Patterson, 1973; Green, 1976). Most subsequent theories have postulated a pattern recognition system that attempts to match the signal to a noisy or fuzzy harmonic template (e.g., Goldstein, 1973; Terhardt, 1972, 1974, 1979; Wightman, 1973b). The clo ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... Visual receptors, about 125 million in each eye, are neurons specialized to turn light into electrical signals. They occur in two forms. Rods are most sensitive to dim light and do not convey color. Cones work in bright light and are responsible for acute detail, black-and-white vision, and color vi ...
... Visual receptors, about 125 million in each eye, are neurons specialized to turn light into electrical signals. They occur in two forms. Rods are most sensitive to dim light and do not convey color. Cones work in bright light and are responsible for acute detail, black-and-white vision, and color vi ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... 1999). Together these studies demonstrate that near and far-field potentials, both in animals and humans, reflect neurophysiologic coding of temporal cues. Furthermore, patterns of neural activity that are time-locked to the onset of the stimulus, and then again at the onset of voicing, may contribu ...
... 1999). Together these studies demonstrate that near and far-field potentials, both in animals and humans, reflect neurophysiologic coding of temporal cues. Furthermore, patterns of neural activity that are time-locked to the onset of the stimulus, and then again at the onset of voicing, may contribu ...
Chapter 50
... • Perceptions are the brain’s construction of stimuli • Stimuli from different sensory receptors travel as action potentials along different ...
... • Perceptions are the brain’s construction of stimuli • Stimuli from different sensory receptors travel as action potentials along different ...
Human brain spots emotion in non humanoid
... main invariant of an expression has been selected so as to provide both simpler and prototypical patterns. Reversely, our designs are complex mixtures of a prominent feature of emotion and familiar components of mechanical devices. Schematic faces show much less variance than human faces (Kolassa et ...
... main invariant of an expression has been selected so as to provide both simpler and prototypical patterns. Reversely, our designs are complex mixtures of a prominent feature of emotion and familiar components of mechanical devices. Schematic faces show much less variance than human faces (Kolassa et ...
The Somatosensory System
... • Major sensory relay station • Deep gray matter structure part of the diencephalon • Convey different types of input to the cortex ...
... • Major sensory relay station • Deep gray matter structure part of the diencephalon • Convey different types of input to the cortex ...
05 The Somatosensory System
... The rate at which heat is gained or lost between the skin and an object - we do not detect absolute temperature III. Metal objects, fluids etc. create a more extreme sensation of temperature than do other objects (despite no differences in absolute temperature) because heat energy is transferred mor ...
... The rate at which heat is gained or lost between the skin and an object - we do not detect absolute temperature III. Metal objects, fluids etc. create a more extreme sensation of temperature than do other objects (despite no differences in absolute temperature) because heat energy is transferred mor ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... • The general senses describe our sensitivity to temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, pain and proprioception. They involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure and distributed throughout the body. • The special senses include hearing, smell, taste, vision and balance (equilibrium). ...
... • The general senses describe our sensitivity to temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, pain and proprioception. They involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure and distributed throughout the body. • The special senses include hearing, smell, taste, vision and balance (equilibrium). ...
Peripheral nervous system
... – Sensory structure in muscle is the muscle spindle – • when stretched it stimulates the sensory neuron ...
... – Sensory structure in muscle is the muscle spindle – • when stretched it stimulates the sensory neuron ...
04 Chemical Senses
... Due to small surface area of olfactory epithelium: Dogs have about 170 cm2 compared to 10 cm2 in humans, and about 100 times more receptors per unit area Psychology 355 ...
... Due to small surface area of olfactory epithelium: Dogs have about 170 cm2 compared to 10 cm2 in humans, and about 100 times more receptors per unit area Psychology 355 ...
Basic principles of attention and decision
... • Tasks demanding overt attention make difficult to disentangle attention and motor action • Firing rate correlates with accumulation of sensory evidence LIP represents a final stage for the selection of specific courses of action, dynamically incorporating information (even at 0%!) Gottlieb and B ...
... • Tasks demanding overt attention make difficult to disentangle attention and motor action • Firing rate correlates with accumulation of sensory evidence LIP represents a final stage for the selection of specific courses of action, dynamically incorporating information (even at 0%!) Gottlieb and B ...
Can neuroscience reveal the true nature of consciousness?
... achieved ‘top-down’, via feedback connections, such that higher level areas support the processing of particular stimulus properties (such as location, or colour, or handyness, etc) in lower areas17,19 . In this way, depth of processing is determined by short-term (memory) effects of remaining or ac ...
... achieved ‘top-down’, via feedback connections, such that higher level areas support the processing of particular stimulus properties (such as location, or colour, or handyness, etc) in lower areas17,19 . In this way, depth of processing is determined by short-term (memory) effects of remaining or ac ...
Visual Dysfunction in Brain Injury
... Myopic shift • Spasms of accommodation may occur causing over focusing and may present as a temporary increase in myopia • If this additional myopia is “corrected” with increased Rx in glasses/contact lenses, the patient may report more headaches and blur at near ...
... Myopic shift • Spasms of accommodation may occur causing over focusing and may present as a temporary increase in myopia • If this additional myopia is “corrected” with increased Rx in glasses/contact lenses, the patient may report more headaches and blur at near ...
Nervous System
... modified to become nerve receptors. - usually unipolar in structure. – interneuron: - relays nerve impulse from sensory neuron to motor neuron . - located totally inside the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. - involved in the processing and integration in the nervous system. - usually multipolar ...
... modified to become nerve receptors. - usually unipolar in structure. – interneuron: - relays nerve impulse from sensory neuron to motor neuron . - located totally inside the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. - involved in the processing and integration in the nervous system. - usually multipolar ...
Classical Conditioning
... EXAMPLE: An alcoholic unpairs alcohol with fun. Spontaneous Recovery: when the CR reappears after being extinguished even though there is no explanation why. EXAMPLE: A former smoker suddenly craves a cigarette. ...
... EXAMPLE: An alcoholic unpairs alcohol with fun. Spontaneous Recovery: when the CR reappears after being extinguished even though there is no explanation why. EXAMPLE: A former smoker suddenly craves a cigarette. ...
article in press - Department of Physiology, Development and
... sounds, while the nonspeech controls cannot be heard as speech even with deliberate effort. We furthermore deliberately chose to use a task that would not preferentially engage speech processing—listeners performed a simple intensity monitoring task. ...
... sounds, while the nonspeech controls cannot be heard as speech even with deliberate effort. We furthermore deliberately chose to use a task that would not preferentially engage speech processing—listeners performed a simple intensity monitoring task. ...
Perception
""Percept"", ""perceptual"", ""perceptible"" and ""imperceptible"" redirect here. For the Brian Blade album, see Perceptual (album). For the perceptibility of digital watermarks, see Digital watermarking#Perceptibility. For other uses, see Perception (disambiguation) and Percept (disambiguation).Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, and hearing involves pressure waves. Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention.Perception can be split into two processes Firstly processing sensory input which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for object recognition). Secondly processing which is connected with person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and selective mechanisms (attention) that influence perception.Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness.Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century, psychology's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the brain mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process. Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and animal brains are structured in a modular way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, taste is strongly influenced by smell.