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Underlying Principles - Sample H/L Question
Underlying Principles - Sample H/L Question

EE3306_68HC11_Lab4 - Electrical and Computer Engineering
EE3306_68HC11_Lab4 - Electrical and Computer Engineering

... Part 1 In this part, you will program the A/D converter to read inputs PE0 – PE3 and output the result to the LCD display. The 68HC11 A/D system is an 8 bit successive approximation converter with an input multiplexer. The A/D converter requires two reference voltages, VRL and VRH , and on the Axiom ...
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... 6. a) A dual slope ADC uses a 16 bit counter and a 4 MHz clock rate. The maximum input voltage is =10V. The maximum integrator output voltage should be -8V when the counter has cycled through 2n counts. The capacitor used in the integrator is 0.1μF. Find the value of the resistor R of the integrator ...
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... player, the data is already in digital form. An analog signal must be converted into digital form before DSP techniques can be applied. An analog electrical voltage signal, for example, can be digitised using an electronic circuit called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC. This generates a digita ...
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... inductors, each coil must have an MOV, AC Transorb, or other spike snubbing device across each of the shared coils. Without these snubbers, coils produce very large voltage spikes when deenergizing that can cause malfunction or destruction of electronic circuits. Refer to wiring diagram for connecti ...
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... Between 100 kHz and 1 MHz you’ll see the gain VO / VI start to drop, so measure at more frequencies in this region, say ... 200 kHz, 400 kHz, 600 kHz, 800 kHz, and as close to 1 MHz as possible. Plot the gain as a function of log (frequency). You should also notice that in this region the output bec ...
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Analog-to-digital converter



An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude.The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input. The result is a sequence of digital values that have been converted from a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal.An ADC is defined by its bandwidth (the range of frequencies it can measure) and its signal to noise ratio (how accurately it can measure a signal relative to the noise it introduces). The actual bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate, and to a lesser extent by how it handles errors such as aliasing. The dynamic range of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution (the number of output levels it can quantize a signal to), linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal) and jitter (small timing errors that introduce additional noise). The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its effective number of bits (ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution. ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required signal to noise ratio of the signal to be quantized. If an ADC operates at a sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error. The presence of quantization error limits the dynamic range of even an ideal ADC, however, if the dynamic range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, its effects may be neglected resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation of the input signal.An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An encoder, for example, might output a Gray code.The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
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