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AN9609: Overcoming Common Mode Range Issues When
AN9609: Overcoming Common Mode Range Issues When

... scale range set to 200mV. Here, the IN LO input is tied to analog COMMON, and the differential input is measured with respect to it. Analog COMMON sets a voltage which is approximately 2.8V less than the positive supply, V+, when V+ to V- ≥ 6.8V. Here, V+ to V- = 5V, so a fixed 1.2V reference is use ...
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... • The repetition rate of the sound from a metronome can be adjusted by the musician. – The typical range is from 40 to 200 beats per minute (bpm), which translates to a frequency of 0.667 to 3.33Hz. ...
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ACCURATE DIGITAL THREE-PHASE ELECTRICITY METER AND GENERATOR Branislav Lojko
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... configurations and is recommended for such applications). This range may be extended to 100:1 by simply reducing the X offset with an externally generated trim voltage (range required is ± 3.5 mV max) applied to the unused X input. To trim, apply a ramp of +100 mV to +V at 100 Hz to both X1 and Z1 ( ...
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... • Sampling Theorem: Any signal whose BW is B can be completely recovered by the sampled data at rate 2B samples per second • Nyquist Capacity Theorem: For a noiseless channel with BW B, if the M level signaling is used, the maximum transmission rate over the channel is ...
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... one stage to the next. They are generally provided with a Clear or Reset connection so that they can be "SET" or "RESET" as required. A shift register is controlled with certain clock pulses by inhibiting the clock from the input of the register if shift is not required. A shift register is also abl ...
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... • Sampling Theorem: Any signal whose BW is B can be completely recovered by the sampled data at rate 2B samples per second • Nyquist Capacity Theorem: For a noiseless channel with BW B, if the M level signaling is used, the maximum transmission rate over the channel is ...
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... • Sampling Theorem: Any signal whose BW is B can be completely recovered by the sampled data at rate 2B samples per second • Nyquist Capacity Theorem: For a noiseless channel with BW B, if the M level signaling is used, the maximum transmission rate over the channel is ...
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Selecting A/D Converters
Selecting A/D Converters

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Analog-to-digital converter



An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude.The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. Furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input. The result is a sequence of digital values that have been converted from a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal.An ADC is defined by its bandwidth (the range of frequencies it can measure) and its signal to noise ratio (how accurately it can measure a signal relative to the noise it introduces). The actual bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate, and to a lesser extent by how it handles errors such as aliasing. The dynamic range of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution (the number of output levels it can quantize a signal to), linearity and accuracy (how well the quantization levels match the true analog signal) and jitter (small timing errors that introduce additional noise). The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its effective number of bits (ENOB), the number of bits of each measure it returns that are on average not noise. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution. ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required signal to noise ratio of the signal to be quantized. If an ADC operates at a sampling rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC and neglecting quantization error. The presence of quantization error limits the dynamic range of even an ideal ADC, however, if the dynamic range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal, its effects may be neglected resulting in an essentially perfect digital representation of the input signal.An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An encoder, for example, might output a Gray code.The inverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
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