An Empirical Test for Branch-Specific Positive Selection
... (‘‘relaxed branch-site test’’). The strict branch-site test requires dN/dS . 1 at a subset of sites, while the relaxed branchsite test requires only that a subset of sites on the human lineage have a significantly elevated dN/dS ratio compared to those sites on the remainder of the tree and can thus ...
... (‘‘relaxed branch-site test’’). The strict branch-site test requires dN/dS . 1 at a subset of sites, while the relaxed branchsite test requires only that a subset of sites on the human lineage have a significantly elevated dN/dS ratio compared to those sites on the remainder of the tree and can thus ...
Conservation Implications of Niche Conservatism and
... The analytically tractable model described in Box 13.1 helps to clarify when evolution may rescue populations from extinctions. However, the model does not describe extinction directly, for it assumes continuous and deterministically variable densities, whereas individuals are discrete and numbers c ...
... The analytically tractable model described in Box 13.1 helps to clarify when evolution may rescue populations from extinctions. However, the model does not describe extinction directly, for it assumes continuous and deterministically variable densities, whereas individuals are discrete and numbers c ...
Development of Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories
... combined population genetics theory with molecular evolution data to arrive at a theory using genetic drift as the main force changing allele frequencies. In 1965, an influential paper by Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1965) appeared which showed, among other things, that hemoglobins are evolving at a ste ...
... combined population genetics theory with molecular evolution data to arrive at a theory using genetic drift as the main force changing allele frequencies. In 1965, an influential paper by Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1965) appeared which showed, among other things, that hemoglobins are evolving at a ste ...
Positive Natural Selection in the Human Lineage REVIEW
... examples). The advent of whole-genome sequencing and increasingly complete surveys of genetic variation represent a turning point in the study of positive selection in humans. With these advances, humans can now join model organisms such as Drosophila (9) at the forefront of evolutionary studies. Ne ...
... examples). The advent of whole-genome sequencing and increasingly complete surveys of genetic variation represent a turning point in the study of positive selection in humans. With these advances, humans can now join model organisms such as Drosophila (9) at the forefront of evolutionary studies. Ne ...
Nonadaptive processes in primate and human evolution
... In this article, I explore the genetic and genomic evidence that indicates a relative augmentation in the power of random genetic drift in relation to natural selection in primate and human evolution. There are two central questions I explore. First, what is the evidence that genetic drift has playe ...
... In this article, I explore the genetic and genomic evidence that indicates a relative augmentation in the power of random genetic drift in relation to natural selection in primate and human evolution. There are two central questions I explore. First, what is the evidence that genetic drift has playe ...
Why organisms age: Evolution of senescence under positive
... the literature for positive correlations between early and late fecundity; between rate of reproduction and longevity; and between early reproduction and longevity (reviewed in [5]). However, most of these studies could be criticized on a variety of methodological grounds [5]. Some failed to separat ...
... the literature for positive correlations between early and late fecundity; between rate of reproduction and longevity; and between early reproduction and longevity (reviewed in [5]). However, most of these studies could be criticized on a variety of methodological grounds [5]. Some failed to separat ...
Near Neutrality, Rate Heterogeneity, and Linkage Govern
... linkage group. Given complete linkage and selective neutrality, mtDNA gene trees are expected to correspond to intraspecific phylogenies, and mtDNA diversity will reflect population size. The validity of these assumptions is, however, rarely tested on a genome-wide scale. Here, we analyze rates and ...
... linkage group. Given complete linkage and selective neutrality, mtDNA gene trees are expected to correspond to intraspecific phylogenies, and mtDNA diversity will reflect population size. The validity of these assumptions is, however, rarely tested on a genome-wide scale. Here, we analyze rates and ...
Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool
... Earth today. A comprehensive scan of the human genome has revealed that hundreds of human genes have undergone positive natural selection during the past 10,000 years of human evolution, including changes in bone development, skeleton, brain size, and carbohydrate metabolism (Evans 2005; Mekel-Bobro ...
... Earth today. A comprehensive scan of the human genome has revealed that hundreds of human genes have undergone positive natural selection during the past 10,000 years of human evolution, including changes in bone development, skeleton, brain size, and carbohydrate metabolism (Evans 2005; Mekel-Bobro ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... The strength of selection for male- and female-benefit alleles of partially sex-linked genes has not yet been studied quantitatively. We therefore examine the fates of new mutations in a PAR of a sex chromosome system. We ask whether PAR genes differ from autosomal loci in their tendency to fix alle ...
... The strength of selection for male- and female-benefit alleles of partially sex-linked genes has not yet been studied quantitatively. We therefore examine the fates of new mutations in a PAR of a sex chromosome system. We ask whether PAR genes differ from autosomal loci in their tendency to fix alle ...
Review on positive selection
... examples). The advent of whole-genome sequencing and increasingly complete surveys of genetic variation represent a turning point in the study of positive selection in humans. With these advances, humans can now join model organisms such as Drosophila (9) at the forefront of evolutionary studies. Ne ...
... examples). The advent of whole-genome sequencing and increasingly complete surveys of genetic variation represent a turning point in the study of positive selection in humans. With these advances, humans can now join model organisms such as Drosophila (9) at the forefront of evolutionary studies. Ne ...
Document
... although some rare alleles will not have been carried by the founders 2. If the colony remains small: genetic drift will alter allele frequencies and erode genetic variation 3. If the colony persists and grows: new ...
... although some rare alleles will not have been carried by the founders 2. If the colony remains small: genetic drift will alter allele frequencies and erode genetic variation 3. If the colony persists and grows: new ...
Human adaptation to altitude in the Andes
... first colonised by humans. MacNeish (MacNeish, 1971) maintains that the archaeological evidence supports occupation as far back as 22 000 years ago; however, other researchers are sceptical of both the dating and the artefacts on which these claims are based (for a critical evaluation of the evidenc ...
... first colonised by humans. MacNeish (MacNeish, 1971) maintains that the archaeological evidence supports occupation as far back as 22 000 years ago; however, other researchers are sceptical of both the dating and the artefacts on which these claims are based (for a critical evaluation of the evidenc ...
Commentary
... favour the evolution of traits that reduce gene flow between different ecotypes? These are some of the questions that needed answering if it were to be demonstrated that ecotypic differentiation is indeed an important step in the speciation process. Because direct measures of gene flow only became p ...
... favour the evolution of traits that reduce gene flow between different ecotypes? These are some of the questions that needed answering if it were to be demonstrated that ecotypic differentiation is indeed an important step in the speciation process. Because direct measures of gene flow only became p ...
The Role of Nearly Neutral Mutations in the Evolution of Dynamical
... Neutral theory was first introduced by Kimura (1983) as genetic change without selection pressure in evolution. The importance of this theory is that genetic code can be constantly altered with no fitness disadvantage. Thus, ...
... Neutral theory was first introduced by Kimura (1983) as genetic change without selection pressure in evolution. The importance of this theory is that genetic code can be constantly altered with no fitness disadvantage. Thus, ...
The Difference Makers
... 4. Would evolution still happen if there were no transposons, retrotransposons or retroviruses messing with the genome? [Yes, but it would probably be slower, relying on ordinary mutations that arise during DNA replication when cells divide or genetic recombination of chromosomes in a new generati ...
... 4. Would evolution still happen if there were no transposons, retrotransposons or retroviruses messing with the genome? [Yes, but it would probably be slower, relying on ordinary mutations that arise during DNA replication when cells divide or genetic recombination of chromosomes in a new generati ...
Faster-Z Evolution Is Predominantly Due to Genetic Drift Research
... ways, including gene density, repeat number, recombination rate, intron length, and GC content (International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium 2004), and some of these characteristics, particularly recombination, can influence the nature and efficacy of selection. The Z chromosome is most simila ...
... ways, including gene density, repeat number, recombination rate, intron length, and GC content (International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium 2004), and some of these characteristics, particularly recombination, can influence the nature and efficacy of selection. The Z chromosome is most simila ...
METHODS TO DETECT SELECTION IN POPULATIONS WITH
... in one important respect—the species population size has expanded dramatically in the past 10,000–100,000 years, from as few as thousands of individuals to the present population size of ∼10 billion individuals (5, 19, 41, 55, 90, 97, 98). The human population is not, therefore, at a stationary equi ...
... in one important respect—the species population size has expanded dramatically in the past 10,000–100,000 years, from as few as thousands of individuals to the present population size of ∼10 billion individuals (5, 19, 41, 55, 90, 97, 98). The human population is not, therefore, at a stationary equi ...
here - Quia
... 12. Discuss the different types of mutations and their effect on protein synthesis. 13. Identify the location where protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell. 14. List and explain the functions of the 3 types of RNAs. 15. Define an operon. Identify its components and describe their functions. 16. Expla ...
... 12. Discuss the different types of mutations and their effect on protein synthesis. 13. Identify the location where protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell. 14. List and explain the functions of the 3 types of RNAs. 15. Define an operon. Identify its components and describe their functions. 16. Expla ...
Recurrent Tandem Gene Duplication Gave Rise
... genes taking on different roles that had previously been performed by the original gene, a process known as subfunctionalization. The most remarkable fate of gene duplication is neofunctionalization, whereby the new copy evolves a novel function driven and maintained by selection, whereas the old co ...
... genes taking on different roles that had previously been performed by the original gene, a process known as subfunctionalization. The most remarkable fate of gene duplication is neofunctionalization, whereby the new copy evolves a novel function driven and maintained by selection, whereas the old co ...
1. Evolution lab
... appearance and disappearance of similar forms over time by their presence/absence in different strata. Through this sequence, we can see a timeline of similar looking species that change in predictable ways. Examining the fossil record in detail would take more than one lab time, but I wanted you to ...
... appearance and disappearance of similar forms over time by their presence/absence in different strata. Through this sequence, we can see a timeline of similar looking species that change in predictable ways. Examining the fossil record in detail would take more than one lab time, but I wanted you to ...
Positive Natural Selection in the Human Lineage REVIEW
... examples). The advent of whole-genome sequencing and increasingly complete surveys of genetic variation represent a turning point in the study of positive selection in humans. With these advances, humans can now join model organisms such as Drosophila (9) at the forefront of evolutionary studies. Ne ...
... examples). The advent of whole-genome sequencing and increasingly complete surveys of genetic variation represent a turning point in the study of positive selection in humans. With these advances, humans can now join model organisms such as Drosophila (9) at the forefront of evolutionary studies. Ne ...
The Evolution of Populations
... are given phenotype information you should be pondering (i) how can I convert phenotypes to genotypes? and (ii) how can I convert known phenotype frequencies to genotype frequencies? Convert Genotypes to Alleles, once you know genotype frequencies it should be trivial to convert to allele frequenc ...
... are given phenotype information you should be pondering (i) how can I convert phenotypes to genotypes? and (ii) how can I convert known phenotype frequencies to genotype frequencies? Convert Genotypes to Alleles, once you know genotype frequencies it should be trivial to convert to allele frequenc ...
comparative primate genomics - Max Planck Institute for
... (http://bacpac.chori.org/) (25) and are used, for example, by the comparative vertebrate sequencing initiative (http://www.nisc.nih.gov/). The availability of genome sequences from the chimpanzee and other primates will greatly increase our knowledge of how genomes, chromosomes, and genes evolve ove ...
... (http://bacpac.chori.org/) (25) and are used, for example, by the comparative vertebrate sequencing initiative (http://www.nisc.nih.gov/). The availability of genome sequences from the chimpanzee and other primates will greatly increase our knowledge of how genomes, chromosomes, and genes evolve ove ...
Adaptation and speciation: what can Fst tell us?
... Ascertainment bias: bias in demographic inferences owing to the use of (typically) low mutation rate markers, such as SNPs, that have been previously identified in earlier smaller scale studies. The SNPs so identified will form a biased subset, with alleles at intermediate frequencies (otherwise the ...
... Ascertainment bias: bias in demographic inferences owing to the use of (typically) low mutation rate markers, such as SNPs, that have been previously identified in earlier smaller scale studies. The SNPs so identified will form a biased subset, with alleles at intermediate frequencies (otherwise the ...