Geographic Distribution And Adaptive Significance
... (SVs). In fact, some SVs may contribute to human adaptation in substantial and previously unexplored ways. SVs include deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions and translocations of genomic segments that vary among individuals from the same species. SVs are much less numerous than single nucl ...
... (SVs). In fact, some SVs may contribute to human adaptation in substantial and previously unexplored ways. SVs include deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions and translocations of genomic segments that vary among individuals from the same species. SVs are much less numerous than single nucl ...
From: colby@bio
... distribution. Humans mate assortatively according to race; we are more likely to mate with someone of own race than another. In populations that mate this way, fewer heterozygotes are found than would be predicted under random mating. [heterozygote: an organism that has two different alleles at a lo ...
... distribution. Humans mate assortatively according to race; we are more likely to mate with someone of own race than another. In populations that mate this way, fewer heterozygotes are found than would be predicted under random mating. [heterozygote: an organism that has two different alleles at a lo ...
Tempo, mode and phylogenetic associations of relative embryo size
... among taxa on a given character (Freckleton et al., 2002). This parameter is similar to the measure of the phylogenetic signal of Blomberg et al. (2003), that is, it tests the tendency for related taxa to resemble each other, with no implication as to the cause of such a resemblance. If k is not sig ...
... among taxa on a given character (Freckleton et al., 2002). This parameter is similar to the measure of the phylogenetic signal of Blomberg et al. (2003), that is, it tests the tendency for related taxa to resemble each other, with no implication as to the cause of such a resemblance. If k is not sig ...
Quantifying the Slightly Deleterious Mutation Model of Molecular
... at lower frequencies than synonymous mutations in several mitochondrial DNA data sets, which show an excess of nonsynonymous polymorphism (Nielsen and Weinreich 1999). So far, however, there have been few attempts to quantify the fraction of amino acid mutations that are slightly deleterious and to ...
... at lower frequencies than synonymous mutations in several mitochondrial DNA data sets, which show an excess of nonsynonymous polymorphism (Nielsen and Weinreich 1999). So far, however, there have been few attempts to quantify the fraction of amino acid mutations that are slightly deleterious and to ...
evolution - Janelia Research Campus
... class of mutations with dramatic effects. It is possible that some mutations, for example, those in cis-regulatory DNA, have few or no pleiotropic effects and may be the predominant source of morphological evolution. In contrast, mutations causing dramatic phenotypic effects, although superficially ...
... class of mutations with dramatic effects. It is possible that some mutations, for example, those in cis-regulatory DNA, have few or no pleiotropic effects and may be the predominant source of morphological evolution. In contrast, mutations causing dramatic phenotypic effects, although superficially ...
The neutral theory of molecular
... alleles (new sequence versions) per unit time The probability that a particular allele will become fixed in a population depends on its frequency, its fitness advantage or disadvantage, i.e. (Darwinian) selection increasing or decreasing its frequency, the effective population size Ne which affects ...
... alleles (new sequence versions) per unit time The probability that a particular allele will become fixed in a population depends on its frequency, its fitness advantage or disadvantage, i.e. (Darwinian) selection increasing or decreasing its frequency, the effective population size Ne which affects ...
Patterns of Diversity Among SINE Elements Isolated from Three Y
... lengths are percentages of sequence divergence (genetic distance 3 100) computed by minimum evolution estimated by NJ with the TajimaNei model of substitution. Nodes supported by the ML analyses are indicated by asterisks. Bootstrap proportions (%) greater than 50% are based on 100 iterations with N ...
... lengths are percentages of sequence divergence (genetic distance 3 100) computed by minimum evolution estimated by NJ with the TajimaNei model of substitution. Nodes supported by the ML analyses are indicated by asterisks. Bootstrap proportions (%) greater than 50% are based on 100 iterations with N ...
Evolution of Cooperation - Winners Don`t Punish
... indefinite ending to the game. Axelrod studied such games by inviting strategies from various game theorists and matching them against each other. He also used genetic algorithmic approach to identify the best strategies over several generations. Starting with a random set of initial strategie ...
... indefinite ending to the game. Axelrod studied such games by inviting strategies from various game theorists and matching them against each other. He also used genetic algorithmic approach to identify the best strategies over several generations. Starting with a random set of initial strategie ...
HOMOLOGY IN BIOLOGY: A Problem for Naturalistic Science
... Production of similar forms from dissimilar pathways is also common at later stages of development. Many types of animals pass through a larval stage on their way to adulthood, a phenomenon known as indirect development. For example, most frogs begin life as swimming tadpoles, and only later metamor ...
... Production of similar forms from dissimilar pathways is also common at later stages of development. Many types of animals pass through a larval stage on their way to adulthood, a phenomenon known as indirect development. For example, most frogs begin life as swimming tadpoles, and only later metamor ...
#2
... human and chimpanzee, we aligned 14.3 Mb of orthologous noncoding DNA sequences from human, chimpanzee, and baboon (Methods). Subsequently, human chromosomes were split into 1 Mb non-overlapping windows (referred to as loci). We retained 36 loci dispersed over 12 autosomal chromosomes, each of which ...
... human and chimpanzee, we aligned 14.3 Mb of orthologous noncoding DNA sequences from human, chimpanzee, and baboon (Methods). Subsequently, human chromosomes were split into 1 Mb non-overlapping windows (referred to as loci). We retained 36 loci dispersed over 12 autosomal chromosomes, each of which ...
Recent and ongoing selection in the human genome
... have recently taken advantage of this fact to quantify positive selection acting in the genome on the human lineage leading from the ancestor of human and chimpanzees to modern humans18–20. In general, these studies have identified genes involved in immune-related functions, spermatogenesis, olfacti ...
... have recently taken advantage of this fact to quantify positive selection acting in the genome on the human lineage leading from the ancestor of human and chimpanzees to modern humans18–20. In general, these studies have identified genes involved in immune-related functions, spermatogenesis, olfacti ...
Hidden Randomness between Fitness Landscapes
... first experimental observation of such a decline. In addition, we find a measure of the local correlation between two landscapes that well predicts the rate of this decay. -lactam antibiotics, which kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, are both the oldest and most widely used class of a ...
... first experimental observation of such a decline. In addition, we find a measure of the local correlation between two landscapes that well predicts the rate of this decay. -lactam antibiotics, which kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, are both the oldest and most widely used class of a ...
Detecting polygenic selection in marine populations by combining
... and its variational constraints, including their mode of action such as additivity, dominance, epistasis, pleiotropy, and G E interaction (Erickson et al. 2004; Hansen 2006). A population’s evolutionary response to environmental variation depends on the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. For ...
... and its variational constraints, including their mode of action such as additivity, dominance, epistasis, pleiotropy, and G E interaction (Erickson et al. 2004; Hansen 2006). A population’s evolutionary response to environmental variation depends on the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. For ...
Lecture 7
... It is based on a priori designed scheme which takes into account the variable time The general idea is that the algorithm at the beginning of the process has different needs compared to the end of it The main disadvantage of such an approach is that the algorithmic designer is supposed to know befor ...
... It is based on a priori designed scheme which takes into account the variable time The general idea is that the algorithm at the beginning of the process has different needs compared to the end of it The main disadvantage of such an approach is that the algorithmic designer is supposed to know befor ...
The adaptive dynamics of function-valued traits
... single function-valued trait with a one-dimensional argument; generalizations to the joint evolution of several traits and to multi-dimensional arguments are readily made. To describe the ecological dynamics underlying functionvalued evolution we assume, very generally, that the per capita birth and ...
... single function-valued trait with a one-dimensional argument; generalizations to the joint evolution of several traits and to multi-dimensional arguments are readily made. To describe the ecological dynamics underlying functionvalued evolution we assume, very generally, that the per capita birth and ...
Chapter16_Section02_jkedit
... No Movement Into or Out of the Population Because individuals may bring new alleles into a population, there must be no movement of individuals into or out of a population. The population's gene pool must be kept together and kept separate from the gene pools of other ...
... No Movement Into or Out of the Population Because individuals may bring new alleles into a population, there must be no movement of individuals into or out of a population. The population's gene pool must be kept together and kept separate from the gene pools of other ...
Molecular Evolution, Mutation Size and Gene Pleiotropy
... found that it is roughly exponential. Although the rate of substitution was not an aim of Orr’s studies, the decreasing exponential distribution found in his studies suggests that a model considering adaptive processes in the FGM in theory could also predict the Kimura–Ohta principle of molecular ev ...
... found that it is roughly exponential. Although the rate of substitution was not an aim of Orr’s studies, the decreasing exponential distribution found in his studies suggests that a model considering adaptive processes in the FGM in theory could also predict the Kimura–Ohta principle of molecular ev ...
Evo-Devo, Devo-Evo, and Devgen
... depends upon the frequency of gene variants within a population. In the other case, evolution depends on variations of gene expression between populations. As Ron Amundson has noted, the new union might by characterized as “devgen-popgen”; the genes are not going away when these models are synthesiz ...
... depends upon the frequency of gene variants within a population. In the other case, evolution depends on variations of gene expression between populations. As Ron Amundson has noted, the new union might by characterized as “devgen-popgen”; the genes are not going away when these models are synthesiz ...
Genetical theory of natural selection
... Δp is positive as long as s is greater than zero Number of generations to fixation Depends on: Initial frequency Selection coefficient Degree of dominance Time to fixation If initial frequency low, recessive mutation increases very slowly (rarely exposed in homozygous form); when common, ...
... Δp is positive as long as s is greater than zero Number of generations to fixation Depends on: Initial frequency Selection coefficient Degree of dominance Time to fixation If initial frequency low, recessive mutation increases very slowly (rarely exposed in homozygous form); when common, ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿
... evolutionary level --- what type of mutations occur and how are such changes fixed in natural populations? Why do some pathways evolve faster than others? ...
... evolutionary level --- what type of mutations occur and how are such changes fixed in natural populations? Why do some pathways evolve faster than others? ...
Eco-Evo-Devo: The Time Has Come
... (1959) clearly saw the importance of integrating these interactions into evolutionary theory back in 1959, but the time for this integration seems to have come only now with the recent emergence of the field of ecological evolutionary developmental biology or more simply “ecoevo-devo.” This field ac ...
... (1959) clearly saw the importance of integrating these interactions into evolutionary theory back in 1959, but the time for this integration seems to have come only now with the recent emergence of the field of ecological evolutionary developmental biology or more simply “ecoevo-devo.” This field ac ...
ppt - eweb.furman.edu
... - We observe a constant AA substitution rate across species, even though we would expect that species with shorter generation times should have FASTER rates of substitution. - So, something must be 'slowing down' this rate of substitution in species with short gen. times. What's slowing it down is t ...
... - We observe a constant AA substitution rate across species, even though we would expect that species with shorter generation times should have FASTER rates of substitution. - So, something must be 'slowing down' this rate of substitution in species with short gen. times. What's slowing it down is t ...
2006a Tests of parallel molecular evolution in a long
... selection as well as by drift. Consistent with that expectation, all 12 populations had higher substitution rates in the candidate genes (Table 1), which is highly unlikely by chance (sign test, P ⫽ 0.0002). This result is unaffected by excluding the insertions used to identify the candidates in pop ...
... selection as well as by drift. Consistent with that expectation, all 12 populations had higher substitution rates in the candidate genes (Table 1), which is highly unlikely by chance (sign test, P ⫽ 0.0002). This result is unaffected by excluding the insertions used to identify the candidates in pop ...