1 Evolution of Sex-Biased Genes 1. Background Sexual dimorphism
... expressed in testes evolve faster than those expressed in other tissues. 4. Why do male-biased genes evolve fast? There are two possibilities: a) MBG genes are under less selective constraint. They can accumulate many neutral amino acid changes that have no effect on fitness. b) MBG are subject to m ...
... expressed in testes evolve faster than those expressed in other tissues. 4. Why do male-biased genes evolve fast? There are two possibilities: a) MBG genes are under less selective constraint. They can accumulate many neutral amino acid changes that have no effect on fitness. b) MBG are subject to m ...
The Nature of Nurture and the Future of Evodevo: Toward a Theory
... Sommer 2001). On one side, these efforts have further confirmed the highly polygenic nature of developmental regulation of complex traits. Furthermore, they have given us an appreciation of how the interactions of developmental pathways to which genes contribute can result in the emergence of comple ...
... Sommer 2001). On one side, these efforts have further confirmed the highly polygenic nature of developmental regulation of complex traits. Furthermore, they have given us an appreciation of how the interactions of developmental pathways to which genes contribute can result in the emergence of comple ...
Soft inheritance: Challenging the Modern Synthesis
... They found that the DNA sequences of the normal and peloric forms of Linaria were the same, but the pattern of DNA methylation differed: in the peloric variant the gene was heavily methylated and transcriptionally silent. The peloric form of Linaria is the result of an epimutation, not a mutation. P ...
... They found that the DNA sequences of the normal and peloric forms of Linaria were the same, but the pattern of DNA methylation differed: in the peloric variant the gene was heavily methylated and transcriptionally silent. The peloric form of Linaria is the result of an epimutation, not a mutation. P ...
Evolution in Stage-Structured Populations.
... in (5) is obtained using integration by parts for the integration with respect to phenotype z. Overbars indicate expected values over the distribution of stage j, and ∇z̄j p (!/!z¯1, !/!z¯2 , … , !/!z¯m)T is the gradient operator with respect to trait means evaluated at z̄j, the multivariate mean ph ...
... in (5) is obtained using integration by parts for the integration with respect to phenotype z. Overbars indicate expected values over the distribution of stage j, and ∇z̄j p (!/!z¯1, !/!z¯2 , … , !/!z¯m)T is the gradient operator with respect to trait means evaluated at z̄j, the multivariate mean ph ...
Stochasticity and variability in the dynamics and genetics of
... solely in terms of measurable metric characters has been relying on the mapping of the allele frequencies to moments (Barton and Turelli, 1987; Frank and Slatkin, 1990; Bürger, 1991) or cumulants (Bürger, 1991, 1993; Rattray and Shapiro, 2001). Although elegant mathematically, the applicability of ...
... solely in terms of measurable metric characters has been relying on the mapping of the allele frequencies to moments (Barton and Turelli, 1987; Frank and Slatkin, 1990; Bürger, 1991) or cumulants (Bürger, 1991, 1993; Rattray and Shapiro, 2001). Although elegant mathematically, the applicability of ...
Document
... define it relative to tri-modally binned covariance that itself varies, so relative to a shifting baseline. ...
... define it relative to tri-modally binned covariance that itself varies, so relative to a shifting baseline. ...
Principles of Life - National Center for Science Education
... mean an untested hypothesis, or even a guess. But evolutionary theory does not refer to any single hypothesis, and it certainly is not guesswork. The concept of evolutionary change among living organisms was present among a few scientists even before Charles Darwin so clearly described his observati ...
... mean an untested hypothesis, or even a guess. But evolutionary theory does not refer to any single hypothesis, and it certainly is not guesswork. The concept of evolutionary change among living organisms was present among a few scientists even before Charles Darwin so clearly described his observati ...
Kreitman review on positive selection
... in one important respect—the species population size has expanded dramatically in the past 10,000–100,000 years, from as few as thousands of individuals to the present population size of ∼10 billion individuals (5, 19, 41, 55, 90, 97, 98). The human population is not, therefore, at a stationary equi ...
... in one important respect—the species population size has expanded dramatically in the past 10,000–100,000 years, from as few as thousands of individuals to the present population size of ∼10 billion individuals (5, 19, 41, 55, 90, 97, 98). The human population is not, therefore, at a stationary equi ...
Natural Selection and the Origin of Modules
... suppress deleterious pleiotropic effects (see below). Consequently, with recombination, selection for evolvability is predicted to be a very weak force. At this point, we want to report the results of a study that was aimed at modeling the evolution of pleiotropic effects (Wagner and Mezey, in prep. ...
... suppress deleterious pleiotropic effects (see below). Consequently, with recombination, selection for evolvability is predicted to be a very weak force. At this point, we want to report the results of a study that was aimed at modeling the evolution of pleiotropic effects (Wagner and Mezey, in prep. ...
the dynamics of the evolution of sex: why the sexes are, in fact
... reproduction, variation and selection. These interactions may become very complex, especially when considering that selection may act on several genes simultaneously. A numerical simulation model was developed, based on a five-step stochastic evolutionary algorithm, which in addition to reproduction ...
... reproduction, variation and selection. These interactions may become very complex, especially when considering that selection may act on several genes simultaneously. A numerical simulation model was developed, based on a five-step stochastic evolutionary algorithm, which in addition to reproduction ...
MINI REVIEW The causes of Pseudomonas diversity
... universal distribution suggests a remarkable degree of physiological and genetic adaptability. Evidence of physiological diversity came from early biochemical studies of Stanier, Doudoroff and others at Berkeley. These scientists studied the remarkable capacity of Pseudomonas strains to degrade a wi ...
... universal distribution suggests a remarkable degree of physiological and genetic adaptability. Evidence of physiological diversity came from early biochemical studies of Stanier, Doudoroff and others at Berkeley. These scientists studied the remarkable capacity of Pseudomonas strains to degrade a wi ...
: Classical, Balance and Neutral theories of evolution Introduction
... 1 in every 1000 human loci would be heterozygous. In contrast, Harris (1966) found 30% of human loci examined were polymorphic, with an average frequency of heterozygotes of 9.9%. In the same year Lewontin and Hubby (1966) reported their survey of 18 loci in five populations of Drosophila; there, ab ...
... 1 in every 1000 human loci would be heterozygous. In contrast, Harris (1966) found 30% of human loci examined were polymorphic, with an average frequency of heterozygotes of 9.9%. In the same year Lewontin and Hubby (1966) reported their survey of 18 loci in five populations of Drosophila; there, ab ...
Directional selection
... greater adaptation in of organisms to their environment. • If sub-populations are found in substantially different environments then selection can lead to genetic divergence and speciation. ...
... greater adaptation in of organisms to their environment. • If sub-populations are found in substantially different environments then selection can lead to genetic divergence and speciation. ...
ESUHSD Marking Period 4: January 3 to February 11, 2011 Biology
... and abiotic factors determine the best fit organisms. ...
... and abiotic factors determine the best fit organisms. ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Maintenance of
... that the sequences are distinct genes and not allelic copies of the same gene. This allows for a thorough examination of gene divergence and phylogeny for 18S coding regions and their 59 and 39 flanking regions in this species and will also facilitate analyses designed to detect recombination owing ...
... that the sequences are distinct genes and not allelic copies of the same gene. This allows for a thorough examination of gene divergence and phylogeny for 18S coding regions and their 59 and 39 flanking regions in this species and will also facilitate analyses designed to detect recombination owing ...
Adaptive Gene Expression Divergence Inferred from Population
... excess fixations at regulatory sites relative to nearby ‘‘neutrally’’ evolving sites [14]. Finally, if gene expression diverges primarily due to trans-acting factors or neutral processes at cis-acting sites, one would expect no evidence of directional selection on noncoding sequences near genes showi ...
... excess fixations at regulatory sites relative to nearby ‘‘neutrally’’ evolving sites [14]. Finally, if gene expression diverges primarily due to trans-acting factors or neutral processes at cis-acting sites, one would expect no evidence of directional selection on noncoding sequences near genes showi ...
The genetic basis of adaptation: lessons from concealing coloration
... Natural selection acts on the phenotype, but it is the genotype that is passed from one generation to the next. Nonetheless, even today, relatively few studies have been able to make links between genotype and phenotype for traits under selection. To a considerable extent, theoretical studies (often ...
... Natural selection acts on the phenotype, but it is the genotype that is passed from one generation to the next. Nonetheless, even today, relatively few studies have been able to make links between genotype and phenotype for traits under selection. To a considerable extent, theoretical studies (often ...
The Stretch of the Giraffe, by Ismenia Castelan - mhs
... necks, which is an essential adaptation to their survival. Although, have you ever thought about how those long necks came to be? The main reason is due to evolution. Evolution has allowed these creatures to evolve from probably short necks, into long, tall necks. Although, some people might ask the ...
... necks, which is an essential adaptation to their survival. Although, have you ever thought about how those long necks came to be? The main reason is due to evolution. Evolution has allowed these creatures to evolve from probably short necks, into long, tall necks. Although, some people might ask the ...
THE DOMESTICATION OF HUMANS
... The counter argument usually offered is that these reductions were more than compensated for by significant improvements in intellect, and the introduction of advanced social systems, communication and other inferred capacities that improved evolutionary advantages. However, none of these changed ca ...
... The counter argument usually offered is that these reductions were more than compensated for by significant improvements in intellect, and the introduction of advanced social systems, communication and other inferred capacities that improved evolutionary advantages. However, none of these changed ca ...
Neutral Theory
... Lewontin 1974 suggests that neutral theory is a continuation of the classical view of population genetics in the classical versus balance controversy on the maintenance of genetic polymorphism. Dietrich 1994 argues that Lewontin’s view is at best partially correct, because the then knowledge of mole ...
... Lewontin 1974 suggests that neutral theory is a continuation of the classical view of population genetics in the classical versus balance controversy on the maintenance of genetic polymorphism. Dietrich 1994 argues that Lewontin’s view is at best partially correct, because the then knowledge of mole ...
EvolutionChapter11
... • Selection for small size results in selection of red balls • By chance, natural selection can lead to selection for correlated traits • Selection always acts for a particular phenotypic trait, but results in selection of the genes that code for this trait ...
... • Selection for small size results in selection of red balls • By chance, natural selection can lead to selection for correlated traits • Selection always acts for a particular phenotypic trait, but results in selection of the genes that code for this trait ...
Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in
... release, could initiate the process of shuffling as well. In addition, this increased transposon activity has been found to alter the expression levels of nearby genes (Kashkush et al., 2003), which may further induce phenotypic alteration following polyploidy (Chen & Ni, 2006). Although there are f ...
... release, could initiate the process of shuffling as well. In addition, this increased transposon activity has been found to alter the expression levels of nearby genes (Kashkush et al., 2003), which may further induce phenotypic alteration following polyploidy (Chen & Ni, 2006). Although there are f ...
Tiie Need for Bioinformatics in Evo-Devo
... terms equivalent, because both refer to an individuated entity that is genetically determined, homologous, and maintained across taxa. In working terms, because so little is understood about the modules underlying the phenotype, systematists cannot use them as characters to infer phylogeny at this t ...
... terms equivalent, because both refer to an individuated entity that is genetically determined, homologous, and maintained across taxa. In working terms, because so little is understood about the modules underlying the phenotype, systematists cannot use them as characters to infer phylogeny at this t ...
On software maintenance and evolution
... – Essential change in some identifiable thing (or family) over time. ...
... – Essential change in some identifiable thing (or family) over time. ...