Divergent evolution of lifespan associated with mitochondrial DNA
... interactions: haplotype × time and haplotype × selection. Given that the haplotype frequency data provided strong evidence for selection on mtDNA haplotypes (see below), we further characterized selection by parameterizing formal models of selection, which included elements of both positive (additiv ...
... interactions: haplotype × time and haplotype × selection. Given that the haplotype frequency data provided strong evidence for selection on mtDNA haplotypes (see below), we further characterized selection by parameterizing formal models of selection, which included elements of both positive (additiv ...
The Neutral Theory Polymorphism
... ! Levels of heterozygosity are too constant between different species ! The molecular clock is not constant enough, and there are genes not following a clock-like behavior ! Genetic variation and evolutionary rates are not always related as predicted ...
... ! Levels of heterozygosity are too constant between different species ! The molecular clock is not constant enough, and there are genes not following a clock-like behavior ! Genetic variation and evolutionary rates are not always related as predicted ...
IS THE POPULATION SIZE OF A SPECIES RELEVANT TO ITS
... played by population size in evolution. When genetic drift interacts with the deterministic forces of selection and/or mutation, we obtain some fundamental quantities that have shaped much of our intuition about evolution: 4Nu is the nucleotide heterozygosity at neutral loci, where u is the rate of ...
... played by population size in evolution. When genetic drift interacts with the deterministic forces of selection and/or mutation, we obtain some fundamental quantities that have shaped much of our intuition about evolution: 4Nu is the nucleotide heterozygosity at neutral loci, where u is the rate of ...
Selection: an overview
... transmission of the selfish genetic element is controlled by female meiosis or genic drive if associated with male gametes e.g. through sperm competition). A standard example is the segregation distorter (sd) gene in Drosophila melanogaster. In male flies that are heterozygote for sd, sd manages to ...
... transmission of the selfish genetic element is controlled by female meiosis or genic drive if associated with male gametes e.g. through sperm competition). A standard example is the segregation distorter (sd) gene in Drosophila melanogaster. In male flies that are heterozygote for sd, sd manages to ...
Role of Utility and Inference in the Evolution of Functional Information
... Below I will show that changes in the interpretation system follow specific rules similar to human inference or logic that were selected in macroevolution during long competition between lineages. ...
... Below I will show that changes in the interpretation system follow specific rules similar to human inference or logic that were selected in macroevolution during long competition between lineages. ...
Emerging model systems in evo-devo: cavefish and microevolution
... Fig. 1. (A) Astyanax surface fish and some of the different cavefish populations (letters in orange indicate the location of caves harboring these populations; see (B)). (B) Sketch map of the Sierra de El Abra region showing approximate location of caves harboring cavefish populations (orange- or pink-fi ...
... Fig. 1. (A) Astyanax surface fish and some of the different cavefish populations (letters in orange indicate the location of caves harboring these populations; see (B)). (B) Sketch map of the Sierra de El Abra region showing approximate location of caves harboring cavefish populations (orange- or pink-fi ...
The population genetics of beneficial mutations
... fitter and so would fall even farther out in the tail of the fitness distribution. (We assume for now that this tail falls off in some ‘ordinary’ smooth way; see below.) At some point in time, the environment changes and the wild-type allele slips slightly in fitness and one or more of the m mutatio ...
... fitter and so would fall even farther out in the tail of the fitness distribution. (We assume for now that this tail falls off in some ‘ordinary’ smooth way; see below.) At some point in time, the environment changes and the wild-type allele slips slightly in fitness and one or more of the m mutatio ...
Read the corresponding work. - UCLA Center for Behavior
... Waddington was aware that his vision of development required a conception of the gene which does not intrinsically link genes and specific phenotypic outcome. He made this point in ‘The Evolution of Developmental Systems’, an address delivered in Brisbane in 1951: Some centuries ago, biologists held ...
... Waddington was aware that his vision of development required a conception of the gene which does not intrinsically link genes and specific phenotypic outcome. He made this point in ‘The Evolution of Developmental Systems’, an address delivered in Brisbane in 1951: Some centuries ago, biologists held ...
Evaluating the influence of evolution on human brain size
... observation that the brain makes exceptional nutritional demands on the body. In adult humans, the brain accounts for about 2.3% of total body weight yet uses about 23% of the body’s daily energy (Holliday 1971). The energy demands of the brain are even more disproportionate in infants. At birth, th ...
... observation that the brain makes exceptional nutritional demands on the body. In adult humans, the brain accounts for about 2.3% of total body weight yet uses about 23% of the body’s daily energy (Holliday 1971). The energy demands of the brain are even more disproportionate in infants. At birth, th ...
VI. Gene flow can cause evolution by transferring alleles between
... ⇒ The central role of natural selection as the primary mechanism of evolutionary change. ⇒ Gradualism as the explanation of how large changes can result from an accumulation of small changes occurring over long periods of time. Most of Darwin's ideas persist in the modern synthesis although many evo ...
... ⇒ The central role of natural selection as the primary mechanism of evolutionary change. ⇒ Gradualism as the explanation of how large changes can result from an accumulation of small changes occurring over long periods of time. Most of Darwin's ideas persist in the modern synthesis although many evo ...
the selective value of alleles underlying polygenic traits
... genetics requires accurate information on the intensity of selection operating on individual alleles. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the evaluation of the assumptions underlying the neutral theory of molecular evolution (KIMURA1983a,b). Yet, the direct estimation of selection coefficients is ...
... genetics requires accurate information on the intensity of selection operating on individual alleles. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the evaluation of the assumptions underlying the neutral theory of molecular evolution (KIMURA1983a,b). Yet, the direct estimation of selection coefficients is ...
Evolutionary Learning
... It complements the traditional biological science concerned with the analysis of living organisms by attempting to synthesize lifelike behaviors within computers and other artificial media. …by extending the empirical foundation upon which biology is based beyond the carbon-chain life that has evolv ...
... It complements the traditional biological science concerned with the analysis of living organisms by attempting to synthesize lifelike behaviors within computers and other artificial media. …by extending the empirical foundation upon which biology is based beyond the carbon-chain life that has evolv ...
Handbook of Evolutionary Computation: May 97
... (ii) Descendants of individuals are generated by randomized processes intended to model mutation and recombination. Mutation corresponds to an erroneous self-replication of individuals (typically, small modifications are more likely than large ones), while recombination exchanges information between ...
... (ii) Descendants of individuals are generated by randomized processes intended to model mutation and recombination. Mutation corresponds to an erroneous self-replication of individuals (typically, small modifications are more likely than large ones), while recombination exchanges information between ...
Reading the Book of Life: Contingency and Convergence
... 1998), the project of identifying convergence offers more than just evidence for adaptation, for it enables biologists to distinguish aspects of form that are strongly determined by functional demands from those that are less fundamental to design. In The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and ...
... 1998), the project of identifying convergence offers more than just evidence for adaptation, for it enables biologists to distinguish aspects of form that are strongly determined by functional demands from those that are less fundamental to design. In The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and ...
Slide - Stefano Nichele
... symmetric state, can break the symmetry and then reach a symmetric state again twice, before reaching another symmetric final state. ...
... symmetric state, can break the symmetry and then reach a symmetric state again twice, before reaching another symmetric final state. ...
1 Review of Godfrey-‐Smith`s, Darwinian Populations and Natural
... biology of emphasizing the gene as the exclusive means of inheritance. That an entity is "replicated" and "persists" over many generations is neither necessary nor sufficient for something to be of evo ...
... biology of emphasizing the gene as the exclusive means of inheritance. That an entity is "replicated" and "persists" over many generations is neither necessary nor sufficient for something to be of evo ...
Adaptive Evolution of Pelvic Reduction in Sticklebacks by Recurrent
... large effects, the origin of traits by either natural selection or genetic drift, and the relative importance of coding and regulatory changes in evolution are currently being actively investigated (1–4). One of the classic examples of major evolutionary change in vertebrates is the extensive modifi ...
... large effects, the origin of traits by either natural selection or genetic drift, and the relative importance of coding and regulatory changes in evolution are currently being actively investigated (1–4). One of the classic examples of major evolutionary change in vertebrates is the extensive modifi ...
16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change
... Populations, not individual organisms, can evolve over time. ...
... Populations, not individual organisms, can evolve over time. ...
Article Synonymous Genetic Variation in Natural
... across different genes in evolution experiments. On the timescale of experiments with large asexual populations that begin without any standing variation, increases in the frequency of synonymous mutations should occur almost entirely when they hitchhike with beneficial driver mutations. Because ben ...
... across different genes in evolution experiments. On the timescale of experiments with large asexual populations that begin without any standing variation, increases in the frequency of synonymous mutations should occur almost entirely when they hitchhike with beneficial driver mutations. Because ben ...
Evolution and Neo-Realism
... highly fit organisms or the absence of selection pressures. (This paper generally ignores a double counterfactual that nonetheless may occur to readers familiar with the inductive nature of much theorizing in international relations: if international relations displayed a high rate of state extincti ...
... highly fit organisms or the absence of selection pressures. (This paper generally ignores a double counterfactual that nonetheless may occur to readers familiar with the inductive nature of much theorizing in international relations: if international relations displayed a high rate of state extincti ...
Selection against migrant pathogens: the - Université Paris-Sud
... may even explain, to some extent, their high species richness. Although the effect of natural selection against immigrants in pathogens is quite similar to that in insects parasitizing plants, such as those mentioned by Nosil et al (2005), it may be of greater importance in those pathogens with a pa ...
... may even explain, to some extent, their high species richness. Although the effect of natural selection against immigrants in pathogens is quite similar to that in insects parasitizing plants, such as those mentioned by Nosil et al (2005), it may be of greater importance in those pathogens with a pa ...
EVOLUTION
... for instance, in growth rate. A sex-determining gene tending to produce females could then increase in frequency when closely linked to genes with beneficial effects on females or, in the same way, sex determination could be selected for as a pleiotropic side effect of such genes (Rice 1986). Concer ...
... for instance, in growth rate. A sex-determining gene tending to produce females could then increase in frequency when closely linked to genes with beneficial effects on females or, in the same way, sex determination could be selected for as a pleiotropic side effect of such genes (Rice 1986). Concer ...
q 2 = 0.81
... – The frequency of all of the alleles at a particular locus in a population = 100% or 1.0 – If there are two alleles, the frequency of one = p and the frequency of the other = q ...
... – The frequency of all of the alleles at a particular locus in a population = 100% or 1.0 – If there are two alleles, the frequency of one = p and the frequency of the other = q ...