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Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain
Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain

... received 0.01 mg/kg midazolam (i.m.) to prevent seizures, if considered necessary. The galea and skin were closed in layers, and then the monkey was removed from the head-holder and anesthesia discontinued. The monkey was extubated when a swallowing reflex was evident, returned to the home cage, and ...
Synapse
Synapse

... counting the number of positive perikarya for both cellular phenotypes at a magnification of 320 through a 10-mm2 grid-reticule positioned in the eyepiece of an Olympus microscope. Neuronal profile counts were performed twice by an individual ‘‘blind’’ to each of the experimental conditions. The dat ...
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta

... be dissociated by their binding affinity for muscarine and nicotine. At present, computational models of cholinergic function do not usually focus on dissociating the contribution of each of these receptor types. However, each has distinct properties that would have differential functional influence ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning

... massive synaptic pruning during childhood , removing about half of the synapses until puberty. We have previously shown that maintaining network memory performance while synapses are deleted, requires that synapses are properly modified and pruned, removing the weaker synapses. We now show that neur ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate

... et al., 2000; Manning Fox et al., 2000). Therefore, such an ...
memory systems in the brain
memory systems in the brain

... (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a reward, such as a pleasant touch, praise, or winning a large sum of money; another ...
Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

... implicated in antinociceptive cholinergic pathways. Mice lacking either of these subunits show decreased nicotineinduced analgesia (7). In behavioral experiments, the ␤2 nicotinic subunit mediates the ability of nicotine to improve avoidance learning and may also be involved in the circuitry underly ...
The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Age and Alzheimer`s Disease
The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Age and Alzheimer`s Disease

... prior to the patient becoming symptomatic; and 3) only the patients with more severe disease should be a target for cholinergic treatment. In addition, DeKosky and colleagues (DeKosky et al., 2002) failed to detect any reduction in ChAT activity in a number of cortical regions studied in patients di ...
Direct comparison of the neural substrates of
Direct comparison of the neural substrates of

... by the two types of stimuli even though the tasks are theoretically different. However, determining the areas specific to word and face recognition from existing studies in the literature is difficult because of differences in task requirements, control stimuli and the statistical criteria for signi ...
Dopamine`s Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex
Dopamine`s Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex

... modulate inhibitory influences (see Fig. 4). Pyramidal cells in layer V often have HCN channels concentrated in their distal apical dendrites; however, the role of HCN channels in Response cell firing is not known. See Goldman-Rakic (1995) for more in-depth discussion of dlPFC microcircuitry. ...
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction

... verbal and spatial working memory) ranging in effect from dZ0.4–0.7 [19]. A meta-analysis focused on working memory examined a somewhat different subset of studies and detected stronger effects (dZ0.85–1.14) when spatial working memory manipulation was distinguished from simple storage [33]. Thus, m ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex

... space in order to control action (Frith, 2000). We suggest that the OFC is concerned with sculpting the reward space. Findings from Lesion and Single-unit Recording Studies in ...
Turning on the alarm - Center for Healthy Minds
Turning on the alarm - Center for Healthy Minds

... transition from innocuous to painful levels of sensation will help us understand not only the neural response to danger but potentially conditions like chronic pain which are characterized by pain that does not provide any adaptively salient information. The primary objective of this study was to pr ...
Brain, Mood and Cognition in Hypothyroidism
Brain, Mood and Cognition in Hypothyroidism

... II.1.3). It occurs more often in goitre patients and incidence rates are expected to decrease with increasing iodine availability (Laurberg et al., 2010). However, it could be shown that sudden rises in iodine uptake in previously iodine deficient populations, as happens during the implementation ph ...
Document
Document

... The Synapse: The point where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next. (Synapse = Gap) A. The number of possible different combinations of synaptic connections among the neurons in a single human brain is larger than the total number of atomic particles that make up the known universe ...
Natural reward-related learning in rats with neonatal ventral
Natural reward-related learning in rats with neonatal ventral

... Abstract Rational: Psychostimulant injections in rats have been shown to alter future performance in natural reward conditioning. These effects may represent a persistent impact of drugs on neurocircuits that interface cognitive and motivational processes, which may be further altered in neuropsychi ...
From/To LTM - Ohio University
From/To LTM - Ohio University

... Spatio-temporal memories are fundamental to self-organization and learning in bio-inspired systems.  Short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM): two major types of memories in neurobiological research of human brain.  They occupy different regions of the human brain, have different structu ...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

... amplifying neurotransmission by increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse (Markowitz et al., 2003). Markowitz et al. suggest that MPH is soluble in the fluids of the intestinal track and thus absorbed in the intestines and the colon. Once this occurs the drug goes into circulation and is dist ...
Slides - Computational Brain Imaging Group
Slides - Computational Brain Imaging Group

... tests to determine which brain areas made reliable contributions to prediction (Refer to Fig. 1) • Note: Stimulation did not elicit head movement, and head-movement estimates did not predict pain ***Bootstrap test - test or metric that relies on random sampling with replacement; allows assigning mea ...
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults

... Cabeza, et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994). When participants are asked to encode new information (intentional learning), they normally process it by retrieving information from semantic memory, and when they are asked to retrieve information from semantic memory, they normally encode the retrieval ...
Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics
Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics

... covers clinical, pharmacokinetic, biochemical and behavioural results presented in the literature from 1965 through 1992 (407 references) of piracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, etiracetam, nefiracetam, aniracetam and rolziracetam and their structural analogues. The piracetam-like nootropics are cap ...
Full Text  - The British Journal of Psychiatry
Full Text - The British Journal of Psychiatry

... Previous studies in schizophrenia have shown a strong relationship between memory deficits and a poor clinical outcome. However, no previous study has identified the functional neural correlates of memory encoding in relation to remission. ...
Banbury notes 05 - University of Illinois Archives
Banbury notes 05 - University of Illinois Archives

... Liittle statistical evidence for improvement on any of the cognitive tests; often tests gave good, reliability, reproducibility, Incomplete analysis at this point. Fairly non-potent ampakine. Treatment period may not have been long enough and dose should be 3X higher. Some hopeful signs in individua ...
Age-related naturally occurring depression of
Age-related naturally occurring depression of

... hippocampus-dependent learning (Shors et al., Hippocampus 2002;12: 578–584). Neurogenesis decreases with increasing age. In this study, neural precursor proliferation and newborn cell survival were evaluated in GCL of adult rats within a range of ages following development and preceding old age. In ...
The role of synaptic ion channels in synaptic
The role of synaptic ion channels in synaptic

... The nervous system receives a large amount of information about the environment through elaborate sensory routes. Processing and integration of these wide-ranging inputs often results in long-term behavioural alterations as a result of past experiences. These relatively permanent changes in behaviou ...
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State-dependent memory

State-dependent memory, or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. The term is often used to describe memory retrieval while in states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs – most commonly, alcohol, but has implications for mood or non-substance induced states of consciousness as well.Unlike context-dependent memory, which involves an individual’s external environment and conditions, state-dependent memory applies to the individual's internal conditions. For example, while context-dependent memory might refer to the idea that taking a test in the same room that an individual studied in will make it easier to retrieve those memories, state-dependent learning refers to the idea that if an individual always studied for a test while slightly caffeinated, it will most likely be easiest to recall what they studied during the test if they are at a similar level of caffeination.
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