Forelimb use after focal cerebral ischemia in rats treated with an a2
... aim of the present study was to further characterize the effects of atipamezole treatment combined with enriched-environment housing in ischemic rats by evaluating spontaneous exploratory activity in the cylinder test. The right middle cerebral artery (MCA) of rats was occluded for 120 min using the ...
... aim of the present study was to further characterize the effects of atipamezole treatment combined with enriched-environment housing in ischemic rats by evaluating spontaneous exploratory activity in the cylinder test. The right middle cerebral artery (MCA) of rats was occluded for 120 min using the ...
Prefrontal Activation Deficits During Episodic Memory in
... alternative hypothesis that activated foci are spatially distributed. This null assumption is violated by region-of-interest studies because they do not provide results for all voxels in the brain. The need for studies to examine the whole brain eliminated five studies (32,43,45,50, 51). ALE also re ...
... alternative hypothesis that activated foci are spatially distributed. This null assumption is violated by region-of-interest studies because they do not provide results for all voxels in the brain. The need for studies to examine the whole brain eliminated five studies (32,43,45,50, 51). ALE also re ...
Chapter 15
... Lesion: a pathological alteration of tissue (e.g., that which could result from injury or infection) – This change can be focal or diffuse Lesions will manifest themselves in various behavioral deficits Neurological assessment can play a critical role in determining the extent of behavioral im ...
... Lesion: a pathological alteration of tissue (e.g., that which could result from injury or infection) – This change can be focal or diffuse Lesions will manifest themselves in various behavioral deficits Neurological assessment can play a critical role in determining the extent of behavioral im ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... output neuron, PE1, undergoes modulations of its odor responses, which are speci®c for associative and nonassociative stimulus paradigms (Mauelshagen 1993). A single conditioning trial results in a decrease, a single antennal sensitisation trial in a transient increase of odor evoked spike frequency ...
... output neuron, PE1, undergoes modulations of its odor responses, which are speci®c for associative and nonassociative stimulus paradigms (Mauelshagen 1993). A single conditioning trial results in a decrease, a single antennal sensitisation trial in a transient increase of odor evoked spike frequency ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... and deactivates with time constant of 250 ms. (D) Persistent pre-thenpost train of action potentials flips the dendritic compartment into upstate. While in the up-state, each pre-synaptic spike results in a largeamplitude dendritic excitatory postsynaptic potential (black trace V (dendritic)), often ...
... and deactivates with time constant of 250 ms. (D) Persistent pre-thenpost train of action potentials flips the dendritic compartment into upstate. While in the up-state, each pre-synaptic spike results in a largeamplitude dendritic excitatory postsynaptic potential (black trace V (dendritic)), often ...
Laminar Cortical Dynamics of Cognitive and Motor Working Memory
... The model predicts how different experimental paradigms lead to different cognitive selection strategies, which result in different rehearsal and recall patterns. This theme should be of interest to all scientists who are interested in the temporal organization of behavior. In particular, LIST PARSE ...
... The model predicts how different experimental paradigms lead to different cognitive selection strategies, which result in different rehearsal and recall patterns. This theme should be of interest to all scientists who are interested in the temporal organization of behavior. In particular, LIST PARSE ...
Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... 3 s) was immediately delivered to the grid floor of the dark room. After 20 s, the rat was removed from the apparatus and placed temporarily into its home cage. Two minutes later, the animal was retested in the same way as in the previous trials; if the rat did not enter the dark compartment during ...
... 3 s) was immediately delivered to the grid floor of the dark room. After 20 s, the rat was removed from the apparatus and placed temporarily into its home cage. Two minutes later, the animal was retested in the same way as in the previous trials; if the rat did not enter the dark compartment during ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... actions. Understanding how such sensory-motor transformations are implemented and altered in the nervous system is a subject of great interest. In Drosophila, innate behavioral responses to odors can be redirected toward approach or avoidance by a learning session that couples odor exposure with rew ...
... actions. Understanding how such sensory-motor transformations are implemented and altered in the nervous system is a subject of great interest. In Drosophila, innate behavioral responses to odors can be redirected toward approach or avoidance by a learning session that couples odor exposure with rew ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine an ...
... stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine an ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... motivational states vary considerably. The same action can lead to different reward outcomes in different behavioral contexts. Both neural and behavioral responses (for example, speed of action) may co-vary with such motivational changes, which may have different consequences in the subsequent decis ...
... motivational states vary considerably. The same action can lead to different reward outcomes in different behavioral contexts. Both neural and behavioral responses (for example, speed of action) may co-vary with such motivational changes, which may have different consequences in the subsequent decis ...
Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... showed that this number also increased in female rats. It seems that there is no difference between male and female rats. Many studies have investigated the phenomenon of conditioning with opioids such as morphine (Zhai et al., 2008) and cocaine (Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2008). In agreement with pre ...
... showed that this number also increased in female rats. It seems that there is no difference between male and female rats. Many studies have investigated the phenomenon of conditioning with opioids such as morphine (Zhai et al., 2008) and cocaine (Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2008). In agreement with pre ...
Updating verbal and visuospatial working memory: Are the
... effect in longer sequences. The present study aimed to compare the processes of updating verbal and visuospatial working memory and to identify the roles of central executive and slavery systems in different updating tasks. Here we tried to employ a more efficient way to add the load on CE by increa ...
... effect in longer sequences. The present study aimed to compare the processes of updating verbal and visuospatial working memory and to identify the roles of central executive and slavery systems in different updating tasks. Here we tried to employ a more efficient way to add the load on CE by increa ...
T3 Final Paper - Drew University
... It was hypothesized that the male rats would be able to discriminate between the odors heptanone and amyl acetate. This hypothesis was correct in predicting that the rats would associate the presence of smell with a reward. As stated in Figure 2, the performance increased after each consecutive sess ...
... It was hypothesized that the male rats would be able to discriminate between the odors heptanone and amyl acetate. This hypothesis was correct in predicting that the rats would associate the presence of smell with a reward. As stated in Figure 2, the performance increased after each consecutive sess ...
Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... related changes in spindle activity occur preferentially in taskassociated areas of the brain. Nishida and Walker showed increased spindle activity in the contralateral hemisphere after a unilateral finger tapping task [19]. Similarly, by using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomog ...
... related changes in spindle activity occur preferentially in taskassociated areas of the brain. Nishida and Walker showed increased spindle activity in the contralateral hemisphere after a unilateral finger tapping task [19]. Similarly, by using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomog ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... the cingulate cortex is meaningful. Increased size of several areas of the cingulate cortex correlates with a decrease in the number of errors in memory tests. However, a decrease in the number of errors not only does not improve overall memory performance but actually tends to deteriorate total rec ...
... the cingulate cortex is meaningful. Increased size of several areas of the cingulate cortex correlates with a decrease in the number of errors in memory tests. However, a decrease in the number of errors not only does not improve overall memory performance but actually tends to deteriorate total rec ...
Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative
... form of conduction aphasia. These patients have severe difficulties in repeating single words, with marked lexicality and word imageability effects: repetition of familiar, concrete words is much less impaired than repetition of non-words or low imageability words (Michel and Andreewsky, 1983; Duham ...
... form of conduction aphasia. These patients have severe difficulties in repeating single words, with marked lexicality and word imageability effects: repetition of familiar, concrete words is much less impaired than repetition of non-words or low imageability words (Michel and Andreewsky, 1983; Duham ...
Cerebral Cortex July 2009;19:1539--1548 doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn191 Advance Access publication November 2, 2008
... use of these unfamiliar contextual cues was highly effective. On the basis of an informal posttest questionnaire, only 2 participants reported ever having been physically present within any one of these unfamiliar contexts. These 2 specific trials were excluded from analysis, ensuring that all unfami ...
... use of these unfamiliar contextual cues was highly effective. On the basis of an informal posttest questionnaire, only 2 participants reported ever having been physically present within any one of these unfamiliar contexts. These 2 specific trials were excluded from analysis, ensuring that all unfami ...
Negative mood-induction modulates default mode network resting
... understand the neuropathology of depression have focused on connectivity within or between brain networks that can be identified during rest for reviews see e.g.: [2,3]. The default mode network (DMN), a brain network which has well-documented associations with self-referential processing [4], rumina ...
... understand the neuropathology of depression have focused on connectivity within or between brain networks that can be identified during rest for reviews see e.g.: [2,3]. The default mode network (DMN), a brain network which has well-documented associations with self-referential processing [4], rumina ...
Developing Standardized Behavioral Tests for
... wild-type mice are due to genetic differences, one must control for the effects of confounding variables. The apparent effects of genetic manipulation on behavior may depend on factors other than those associated with the genetic differences in the subjects. Often there is not one best way to deal w ...
... wild-type mice are due to genetic differences, one must control for the effects of confounding variables. The apparent effects of genetic manipulation on behavior may depend on factors other than those associated with the genetic differences in the subjects. Often there is not one best way to deal w ...
Article
... be implemented because short-term plasticity cannot be reset on cue. Temporal arithmetic cannot be performed due to the absence of a linear metric of time. SDNs predict that performance on the FIX condition will be similar for the 2T and 3T stimuli because the feedback at the end of each trial can b ...
... be implemented because short-term plasticity cannot be reset on cue. Temporal arithmetic cannot be performed due to the absence of a linear metric of time. SDNs predict that performance on the FIX condition will be similar for the 2T and 3T stimuli because the feedback at the end of each trial can b ...
The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires
... the striatum (basal ganglia) rather than an S–S or context learning function (thought to be the specialty of the hippocampal/medial temporal system) (Eichenbaum, 1995)? At the systems level, one answer is that the outputs of the striatum (via its pallidal and nigral targets) are oriented mainly towa ...
... the striatum (basal ganglia) rather than an S–S or context learning function (thought to be the specialty of the hippocampal/medial temporal system) (Eichenbaum, 1995)? At the systems level, one answer is that the outputs of the striatum (via its pallidal and nigral targets) are oriented mainly towa ...
Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... Extensive studies were performed on H.M. His personality and general intelligence, including perception, abstract thinking and reasoning abilities, were not affected by the surgery. In fact, his IQ improved slightly, from 104 pre-surgery to 112 post-surgery, likely because he was less affected by se ...
... Extensive studies were performed on H.M. His personality and general intelligence, including perception, abstract thinking and reasoning abilities, were not affected by the surgery. In fact, his IQ improved slightly, from 104 pre-surgery to 112 post-surgery, likely because he was less affected by se ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
... To address the questions we have outlined above, we designed an experiment to study the mechanism that the brain employs to represent multiple items. Monkeys were trained to remember two items presented sequentially at the fovea, and to release a lever when a matching sequence was seen. In this firs ...
Neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human
... given moment we could either lay down a distinctive memory trace to allow for subsequent retrieval, or we could retrieve memories that are related to the familiar components of an unfolding event. This conflict leads to certain crucial questions about the human memory system: Are we able to simultan ...
... given moment we could either lay down a distinctive memory trace to allow for subsequent retrieval, or we could retrieve memories that are related to the familiar components of an unfolding event. This conflict leads to certain crucial questions about the human memory system: Are we able to simultan ...
Cholinergic Deafferentation of the Entorhinal Cortex in Rats
... Familiar odors. Rats were tested on the standard DNMS after surgery until they re-established criterion performance. After this time, rats underwent tests with familiar odors to determine whether cholinergic deafferentation of the entorhinal cortex increased sensitivity to increased mnemonic demands ...
... Familiar odors. Rats were tested on the standard DNMS after surgery until they re-established criterion performance. After this time, rats underwent tests with familiar odors to determine whether cholinergic deafferentation of the entorhinal cortex increased sensitivity to increased mnemonic demands ...