SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... will normally formulate one or more perceptual tasks for the person to carry out. For example, the patient might be asked to make judgments about the visibility or appearance of test stimuli. The process of formulating tasks and evaluating the patient’s responses to them is essential for the objecti ...
... will normally formulate one or more perceptual tasks for the person to carry out. For example, the patient might be asked to make judgments about the visibility or appearance of test stimuli. The process of formulating tasks and evaluating the patient’s responses to them is essential for the objecti ...
Contextual modulation of primary visual cortex by auditory signals
... one another in V1 and V2, suggesting at least a partially overlapping neural code between real sound and imagined sound in visual cortex. We also tested if we could train our classifier to learn the relationship between response patterns and certain sounds, and then apply this rule to predict the ca ...
... one another in V1 and V2, suggesting at least a partially overlapping neural code between real sound and imagined sound in visual cortex. We also tested if we could train our classifier to learn the relationship between response patterns and certain sounds, and then apply this rule to predict the ca ...
Brain Research, 178 (1979) 363-380 363 © Elsevier/North
... a small number of dictinct action potentials and an unresolved background. We refer to this activity as 'multi-unit activity' (see Figs. 2 and 6). Normally, in 2 mm of travel through cortex, 2-4 multi-unit clusters were studied. The animal was stimulated visually and the electrode advanced continuou ...
... a small number of dictinct action potentials and an unresolved background. We refer to this activity as 'multi-unit activity' (see Figs. 2 and 6). Normally, in 2 mm of travel through cortex, 2-4 multi-unit clusters were studied. The animal was stimulated visually and the electrode advanced continuou ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... a normal low [Cl⫺]i under resting conditions but not during periods of Cl⫺ loading resulting from GABA release during intense interneuronal discharge as might occur during epileptiform activity (e.g., Fig. 11 in McCormick et al. 1985). To further explore this issue, we held Vm of neurons at –50 mV a ...
... a normal low [Cl⫺]i under resting conditions but not during periods of Cl⫺ loading resulting from GABA release during intense interneuronal discharge as might occur during epileptiform activity (e.g., Fig. 11 in McCormick et al. 1985). To further explore this issue, we held Vm of neurons at –50 mV a ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... neurons in the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex, and showed that this was the secondary taste cortex in that it receives a major projection from the primary taste cortex and not from the thalamic taste relay nucleus (VPMpc) (Baylis et al., 1994). More medially, there is an olfactory area (Ro ...
... neurons in the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex, and showed that this was the secondary taste cortex in that it receives a major projection from the primary taste cortex and not from the thalamic taste relay nucleus (VPMpc) (Baylis et al., 1994). More medially, there is an olfactory area (Ro ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... tuna7). This evidence, together with the identification of a glutamate taste receptor,8 leads to the view that there are five prototypical types of taste information channels, with umami contributing— often in combination with corresponding olfactory inputs9—to the flavor of protein. The Pleasantness o ...
... tuna7). This evidence, together with the identification of a glutamate taste receptor,8 leads to the view that there are five prototypical types of taste information channels, with umami contributing— often in combination with corresponding olfactory inputs9—to the flavor of protein. The Pleasantness o ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... Single and Double Labeling In our preceeding rodent study (Ichinohe et al., 2003b), in order to visualize micromodularity at the border of layers 1 and 2, we used zinc, PV, MAP2 (for dendrites) and GABA receptor type A α1 subunit (GABAaα1; also for dendrites), VGluT2 (for TC terminations), glutamate ...
... Single and Double Labeling In our preceeding rodent study (Ichinohe et al., 2003b), in order to visualize micromodularity at the border of layers 1 and 2, we used zinc, PV, MAP2 (for dendrites) and GABA receptor type A α1 subunit (GABAaα1; also for dendrites), VGluT2 (for TC terminations), glutamate ...
J Neurophysiol - University of Connecticut
... endeavored to draw thalamocortical comparisons from nonsimultaneous recordings (Barone et al. 1996; Clarey et al. 1995; Pelleg-Toiba and Wollberg 1989; Samson et al. 2000). Because differences in animal model, anesthesia, stimuli, and measured response parameters could affect results, the literature ...
... endeavored to draw thalamocortical comparisons from nonsimultaneous recordings (Barone et al. 1996; Clarey et al. 1995; Pelleg-Toiba and Wollberg 1989; Samson et al. 2000). Because differences in animal model, anesthesia, stimuli, and measured response parameters could affect results, the literature ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... inhibition on the skin surface. We assumed that each small region of skin had a positive, negative, or zero effect on the firing rate when stimulated and that the instantaneous firing rate was equal to the sum of these effects. Specifically, we subdivided a 10 3 10 mm square region of skin containin ...
... inhibition on the skin surface. We assumed that each small region of skin had a positive, negative, or zero effect on the firing rate when stimulated and that the instantaneous firing rate was equal to the sum of these effects. Specifically, we subdivided a 10 3 10 mm square region of skin containin ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Given the dynamic nature of the interactions between complex organisms and the environment, it is not surprising that specific neural mechanisms have evolved that not only detect the presence of rewarding stimuli but also predict their occurrence on the basis of representations formed by past experi ...
... Given the dynamic nature of the interactions between complex organisms and the environment, it is not surprising that specific neural mechanisms have evolved that not only detect the presence of rewarding stimuli but also predict their occurrence on the basis of representations formed by past experi ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... system have been carried out during administration of a modified blocking procedure (Kinkaide and Walley 1974), but a clear interpretation of the resulting data regarding the blocking effect is confounded by the presence of inhibitory training. Recent work using the presence of fos protein has impli ...
... system have been carried out during administration of a modified blocking procedure (Kinkaide and Walley 1974), but a clear interpretation of the resulting data regarding the blocking effect is confounded by the presence of inhibitory training. Recent work using the presence of fos protein has impli ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala that responded primarily to foods and to the reward-associated visual stimulus in a visual discrimination task, responses that could reflect learned associations between these visual stimuli and the primary reinforcement associated with them. However, these neuro ...
... neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala that responded primarily to foods and to the reward-associated visual stimulus in a visual discrimination task, responses that could reflect learned associations between these visual stimuli and the primary reinforcement associated with them. However, these neuro ...
Predictive Coding as a Model of Biased Competition in Visual
... The predictive coding (PC) model of cortical visual information processing (Rao and Ballard, 1999) proposes a hierarchical neural network architecture in which perception is accomplished via the interaction of top-down expectation and sensory-driven analysis. Rather than passively responding to the ...
... The predictive coding (PC) model of cortical visual information processing (Rao and Ballard, 1999) proposes a hierarchical neural network architecture in which perception is accomplished via the interaction of top-down expectation and sensory-driven analysis. Rather than passively responding to the ...
contextual influences on visual processing
... “meaning” of the image by decomposing it into its environmental causes. For each local region of the image, that extraction of meaning is only possible if information from other regions is taken into account. Of particular importance is a set of image cues revealing surface occlusion and/or lighting ...
... “meaning” of the image by decomposing it into its environmental causes. For each local region of the image, that extraction of meaning is only possible if information from other regions is taken into account. Of particular importance is a set of image cues revealing surface occlusion and/or lighting ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... different sensory representations (visual, somatosensory, and auditory) in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In agreement with previous single tracer studies, our results indicate that the central core of sensory areas receives projections mainly from a set of association areas located in a ringlike f ...
... different sensory representations (visual, somatosensory, and auditory) in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In agreement with previous single tracer studies, our results indicate that the central core of sensory areas receives projections mainly from a set of association areas located in a ringlike f ...
Behavioral verification of associative learning in whisker
... the intensity, animal species, motivational system involved, etc. In aversive conditioning CRs include physiological responses, such as changes in blood pressure, heart rate, salivation, galvanic skin response, and respiration, and also behavioral responses such as facilitation of the startle reflex ...
... the intensity, animal species, motivational system involved, etc. In aversive conditioning CRs include physiological responses, such as changes in blood pressure, heart rate, salivation, galvanic skin response, and respiration, and also behavioral responses such as facilitation of the startle reflex ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... form an aversive memory. This could be achieved by optogenetically activating these projections in a RTPA paradigm and testing whether rodents avoid the stimulation-paired side on the following day. Also, it could be tested whether silencing mPFC GABAergic projections to NAcc impairs retrieval of a ...
... form an aversive memory. This could be achieved by optogenetically activating these projections in a RTPA paradigm and testing whether rodents avoid the stimulation-paired side on the following day. Also, it could be tested whether silencing mPFC GABAergic projections to NAcc impairs retrieval of a ...
frontal functions, connectivity and neural efficiency underpinning
... replicated by Kallio et al. (2001). They also found that the reduction in fluency correlated positively with hypnotic susceptibility, and also with interference on the Stroop conflict task, a task also shown to involve anterior functions to include the anterior cingulate (Botvinik, Nystrom, Fissell, ...
... replicated by Kallio et al. (2001). They also found that the reduction in fluency correlated positively with hypnotic susceptibility, and also with interference on the Stroop conflict task, a task also shown to involve anterior functions to include the anterior cingulate (Botvinik, Nystrom, Fissell, ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... of the previous studies were not designed to differentiate between these possibilities, since the task-related events were, typically, behaviorally significant in that they were followed by reward. Although some recent studies have provided an experimental condition in which different events (stimul ...
... of the previous studies were not designed to differentiate between these possibilities, since the task-related events were, typically, behaviorally significant in that they were followed by reward. Although some recent studies have provided an experimental condition in which different events (stimul ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... Coding properties are also influenced heavily by the pinnae and head size. In the juvenile ferret, auditory cortex neurons can display adult-like spatial coding properties when activated with dichotic stimuli that reflect the filtering characteristic of adult external ears (Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2003) ...
... Coding properties are also influenced heavily by the pinnae and head size. In the juvenile ferret, auditory cortex neurons can display adult-like spatial coding properties when activated with dichotic stimuli that reflect the filtering characteristic of adult external ears (Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2003) ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t tests, evaluated at the p < 0.05 level of significance. However, the fact that a response difference is statistically significant does not, in itself, indicate how potentially useful the difference is in discriminating among the stimuli. We were particularly intere ...
... analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t tests, evaluated at the p < 0.05 level of significance. However, the fact that a response difference is statistically significant does not, in itself, indicate how potentially useful the difference is in discriminating among the stimuli. We were particularly intere ...
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (regulation, control) of cognitive processes, including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, and problem solving as well as planning and execution.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes, such as executive functions. The prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe are necessary but not solely sufficient for carrying out these functions.