Solar Empire I - A Star is Born
... 47. True or False: all of our electricity that we use in the U.S. is ultimately derived from the sun’s energy. 48. How approximately old is our sun? 49. How much longer is our sun projected to exist? 50. What element is the basic building block of the universe? 51. How hot is the core of the sun in ...
... 47. True or False: all of our electricity that we use in the U.S. is ultimately derived from the sun’s energy. 48. How approximately old is our sun? 49. How much longer is our sun projected to exist? 50. What element is the basic building block of the universe? 51. How hot is the core of the sun in ...
Solar Flares
... 3. The field evolves slowly through equilibrium states, finally reaching a non-equilibrium which causes the closed field to rise and erupts outward. 4. The reconnection of the field below the rising filament provides plasma heating and particle acceleration that we call the flare. 5. The accelerated ...
... 3. The field evolves slowly through equilibrium states, finally reaching a non-equilibrium which causes the closed field to rise and erupts outward. 4. The reconnection of the field below the rising filament provides plasma heating and particle acceleration that we call the flare. 5. The accelerated ...
BLynchTalk3
... • 1989 – Quebec power grid down for 9 hours, estimated 100’s of millions lost in revenue and damage (X15) • 1994 – NASA notes CME leave sun, 5 days later CME takes out communication satellite Telstar 1 as well as others. • 1998 – CME blamed for failure of Galaxy 4 satellite which caused the loss of ...
... • 1989 – Quebec power grid down for 9 hours, estimated 100’s of millions lost in revenue and damage (X15) • 1994 – NASA notes CME leave sun, 5 days later CME takes out communication satellite Telstar 1 as well as others. • 1998 – CME blamed for failure of Galaxy 4 satellite which caused the loss of ...
chapter 1 introduction
... billion years; hence it must now be at least 40 percent brighter than at the time of planet formation. This would produce an increase in Earth’s temperature, but no such effect appears in the fossil record. There were probably compensating thermostatic effects in the atmosphere of Earth, such as the ...
... billion years; hence it must now be at least 40 percent brighter than at the time of planet formation. This would produce an increase in Earth’s temperature, but no such effect appears in the fossil record. There were probably compensating thermostatic effects in the atmosphere of Earth, such as the ...
The Saha Equation
... the n=2 state to the n=1 state. But what if the number of neutral atoms changes drastically from A stars to B stars? That might cause there to be many more neutral atoms in the n=2 state in an A star, even if its temperature is lower than that of a B star. Hmmmm. How to find the fraction of H atoms ...
... the n=2 state to the n=1 state. But what if the number of neutral atoms changes drastically from A stars to B stars? That might cause there to be many more neutral atoms in the n=2 state in an A star, even if its temperature is lower than that of a B star. Hmmmm. How to find the fraction of H atoms ...
Planetary atmospheres
... It is natural to think that planetary bodies have evolved from the Sun and the moons from their central bodies. However earth’s moon has been found to be older than earth and has its own history of evolution. The biggest planet Jupiter is more akin to Sun than to other planets. In fact Mercury, Venu ...
... It is natural to think that planetary bodies have evolved from the Sun and the moons from their central bodies. However earth’s moon has been found to be older than earth and has its own history of evolution. The biggest planet Jupiter is more akin to Sun than to other planets. In fact Mercury, Venu ...
Partially Ionized Plasmas - Harvard
... Partial ionization impacts chromospheric reconnection dynamics (including during the plasmoid instability) ...
... Partial ionization impacts chromospheric reconnection dynamics (including during the plasmoid instability) ...
Invisible sunspots uncovered
... Sunspots appear as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere. They were first observed by Chinese astronomers and later extensively studied by Galileo with the aid of a telescope. Their temperature is of approximately 4,000 degrees, lower than that of the surrounding photosphere (6,000 degrees). The bir ...
... Sunspots appear as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere. They were first observed by Chinese astronomers and later extensively studied by Galileo with the aid of a telescope. Their temperature is of approximately 4,000 degrees, lower than that of the surrounding photosphere (6,000 degrees). The bir ...
SPACE CHARGE & Jets
... simple cameras. We explore X-lines, quadrupole cusp trapping, field-aligned beams, astrophysical jets, and auroral substorms with this simple geometry. The space charge can also levitate charged dust grains, providing another tool for the understanding of dusty plasmas and Saturn's rings. (It may ev ...
... simple cameras. We explore X-lines, quadrupole cusp trapping, field-aligned beams, astrophysical jets, and auroral substorms with this simple geometry. The space charge can also levitate charged dust grains, providing another tool for the understanding of dusty plasmas and Saturn's rings. (It may ev ...
Earth`s interior - Rochester Community Schools
... Part 3 Background: On Earth one needs a sensitive needle to detect magnetic forces, and out in space they are usually much, much weaker. But beyond the dense atmosphere, such forces have a much bigger role, and a region exists around the Earth where they dominate the environment, a region known as ...
... Part 3 Background: On Earth one needs a sensitive needle to detect magnetic forces, and out in space they are usually much, much weaker. But beyond the dense atmosphere, such forces have a much bigger role, and a region exists around the Earth where they dominate the environment, a region known as ...
Video Universe Secrets of the Sun
... How long did it take for the fastest coronal mass ejection ever recorded (in 1859) to get to Earth? What technology did it affect? ...
... How long did it take for the fastest coronal mass ejection ever recorded (in 1859) to get to Earth? What technology did it affect? ...
docx: Earth`s Interior Pre Assessment
... 24. While they are both made of iron and nickel, the outer and inner cores are in different phases because the inner core has higher _____________. a. Pressure b. Temperature c. Gravity d. Magnetic properties 25. Choose the answer that shows the correct order of layers from increasing to decreasing ...
... 24. While they are both made of iron and nickel, the outer and inner cores are in different phases because the inner core has higher _____________. a. Pressure b. Temperature c. Gravity d. Magnetic properties 25. Choose the answer that shows the correct order of layers from increasing to decreasing ...
Different wavelengths…
... The amount of energy created in this process can be calculated by the famous equation above. What does it mean? Matter is changed into energy during fusion The amount of energy created when you change matter to energy is equal to the mass of the matter converted times the speed of light constant ...
... The amount of energy created in this process can be calculated by the famous equation above. What does it mean? Matter is changed into energy during fusion The amount of energy created when you change matter to energy is equal to the mass of the matter converted times the speed of light constant ...
- IMSA Digital Commons
... core of Mercury is probably mostly solid, meaning that scientists did not expect to find a magnetosphere! One the scale shown the Earth’s field would register at around 50,000nT, so we think that something very different is causing Mercury’s magnetic field. ...
... core of Mercury is probably mostly solid, meaning that scientists did not expect to find a magnetosphere! One the scale shown the Earth’s field would register at around 50,000nT, so we think that something very different is causing Mercury’s magnetic field. ...
Comets as Molecular/Atomic Physics Laboratories
... for carbon over a wide range of photon energies Verified carbon-proton charge exchange cross section ...
... for carbon over a wide range of photon energies Verified carbon-proton charge exchange cross section ...
transparencies
... has observed the quiet Sun and the Moon Preliminary fluxes has been calculated with different methods We need more statistics for accurate spectra determinations Exciting physics expected: ...
... has observed the quiet Sun and the Moon Preliminary fluxes has been calculated with different methods We need more statistics for accurate spectra determinations Exciting physics expected: ...
Why the Model of a Hydrogen
... evolution of elements much more material has gone into the even-numbered elements than into those which are odd...” (p. 869). However, in the 1920s, Payne2 and Russell3 showed that the solar atmosphere is mostly hydrogen (H) and helium (He). In 1938 Goldschmidt4 suggested that rocky planets and mete ...
... evolution of elements much more material has gone into the even-numbered elements than into those which are odd...” (p. 869). However, in the 1920s, Payne2 and Russell3 showed that the solar atmosphere is mostly hydrogen (H) and helium (He). In 1938 Goldschmidt4 suggested that rocky planets and mete ...
The Beginning of Heliophysics Discipline
... It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. — Kristian Birkeland 1913 ...
... It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. — Kristian Birkeland 1913 ...
Abundances - Michigan State University
... • Emission lines from Nebulae (Supernova remnants, Planetary nebulae, …) • g-ray detection from the decay of radioactive nuclei ...
... • Emission lines from Nebulae (Supernova remnants, Planetary nebulae, …) • g-ray detection from the decay of radioactive nuclei ...
Power Point Version
... • Venus, Uranus and Pluto may be odd balls (their rotation and axis orientation) due to catastrophic events (more later) ...
... • Venus, Uranus and Pluto may be odd balls (their rotation and axis orientation) due to catastrophic events (more later) ...
This Issue - Grand Rapids Amateur Astronomical Association
... black holes in the centers of galaxies, some up to several billion times more massive than the sun. This survey, taken in a region of the Bootes constellation, involved 126 separate Chandra exposures of 5,000-seconds each, making it the largest contiguous field ever obtained by the observatory. At 9 ...
... black holes in the centers of galaxies, some up to several billion times more massive than the sun. This survey, taken in a region of the Bootes constellation, involved 126 separate Chandra exposures of 5,000-seconds each, making it the largest contiguous field ever obtained by the observatory. At 9 ...
Friday March 3rd, 2000
... • Venus, Uranus and Pluto may be odd balls (their rotation and axis orientation) due to catastrophic events (more later) ...
... • Venus, Uranus and Pluto may be odd balls (their rotation and axis orientation) due to catastrophic events (more later) ...
Document
... Venus Express / ASPERA-4 often observes backstreaming H+ in the foreshock region of Venus, in a similar ways as the Terrestrial foreshock, i.e., fieldaligned component, and intermediate (gyrating) ...
... Venus Express / ASPERA-4 often observes backstreaming H+ in the foreshock region of Venus, in a similar ways as the Terrestrial foreshock, i.e., fieldaligned component, and intermediate (gyrating) ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.