Download The Beginning of Heliophysics Discipline

Heliophysics Pedigree
Program
1st International Polar Year
2nd International Polar Year
International Geophysical Year
International Quiet Sun Year
International M'spheric Study
Solar-Terr. Energy Program
International Heliospheric Year
Start
1882
1932
1957
1964
1976
1990
2007
IPY 1 1882-1883
Justification
Karl Weyprect (1838-1881)
● Polar expeditions should
be driven by scientific
research instead of
exploration.
● Establish network of
circumpolar stations.
● Synoptic studies of
geomagnetism, auroras,
atmospheric electricity,
and meteorology.
● Common data format for
recording observations.
IPY 1 1882-1883
Justification
Karl Weyprect (1838-1881)
● Polar expeditions should
be driven by scientific
research instead of
exploration.
● Establish network of
circumpolar stations.
● Synoptic studies of
geomagnetism, auroras,
atmospheric electricity,
and meteorology.
● Common data format for
recording observations.
Birkeland Connects Auroras to Space
It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that
the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all
kinds. — Kristian Birkeland 1913
Concepts Advanced or Enabled by IPY 1
● Auroral oval structure and dynamics
● Currents flowing in the upper atmosphere
produce magnetic perturbations on the ground
● Currents flow between upper atmosphere and
space
● i.e. Synoptic data reveal global connectedness
IPY 2 1932-1933
Justification
Statement of the IMO "magnetic, auroral and
meteorological observations at a network of
stations in the Arctic and Antarctic would
materially advance present knowledge and
understanding (of geomagnetic, auroral, and
meteorological phenomena) not only within
polar regions but in general…This increased
knowledge will be of practical application to
problems connected with terrestrial
magnetism, marine and aerial navigation,
wireless telegraphy and weather forecasting."
Themes: synoptic studies & space weather
IPY 2 Results
Silsbee and Vestine use
IPY 2 polar magnetic
data to determine
average current system
for magnetic bay
Also During IPY 2
Chapman and Ferraro
introduce concept of
neutral ionized
corpuscular steam
from the sun (19311933)
and an associated
current system that
compresses and
confines the
geomagnetic field
(the Chapman-Ferraro
current system)
Features and Concepts
Associated with IPY 2
● International polar observing network
● New instrumentation (radiosondes and
ionosondes)
● Rapid run magnetometers
● Simultaneous measurements at multiple stations
● Global current pattern for specific magnetic
disturbance (magnetic bays)
● i.e. Expanded synoptic data
● Higher spatial and temporal resolution
● More evidence of global connectedness
IGY 1957-1958+
Justification
Sydney Chapman (1888-1970)
"The [IGY's] main aim is to
learn more about the fluid
envelope of our planet—the
atmosphere and oceans—
over all the earth and at all
heights and depths. … These
researches demand
widespread simultaneous
observations." S. Chapman
i.e. Further expanded
synoptic studies –
Emphasis on exploration
IGY Instrumentation and Innovations
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Antarctic stations
All-sky cameras
Scientific satellites
Word Data Centers
IGY Famous Result
From all-sky camera
data came the Akasofu
model of the auroral
substorm
Even More Famous Result
From Explorer 1 and its
followers, came the Van
Allen radiation belts
Innovation and Reults
Associated with IGY
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Interhemispheric network of polar stations
New instrumentation (all-sky cameras, satellites)
Major discovery (radiation belts)
New concepts (the magnetosphere, substorms)
Exploration of space
Global 3D synoptic data
Evidence of time-dependent global dynamics
IMS 1976-1979
Justification
1971 IMS Report: "The
complexity and the large
spatial scale of the
phenomena under scrutiny
demand … simultaneous
measurements…both in
space and on the ground."
Expanded synoptic data
acquisition justified by
"large spatial scale" (as
before) and "complexity"
(new).
1977 IMS Report "Many
new questions have
emerged, mainly
concerning the cause-andeffect relationship among
the dynamical processes
… and involving the
magnetosphere as a
single, integral, dynamical
system."
The magnetosphere seen
as an interconnected
system.
IMS Instrumentation and Innovations
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Magnetometer chains
ISEE 1 and ISEE 3
Satellite Situation Center
Coordinated Data
Analysis Workshops
(CDAW 1 Dec. 1978)
IMS Famous Discovery
Flux Transfer Events
(FTEs) (Russell and
Elphic, 1978)
Most significant IMS
finding
Magnetosphere and
ionosphere linked through
permanent set of
macroscale, field-aligned
current systems
The region 1 current system
links the ionosphere, the
magnetosphere, and the
solar wind
Solar wind-magnetosphereionosphere system seen as
interactive.
Iijima &
Potemra, 1976
Region 1
Region 2
STEP 1990-1997
Justification Concept
The 1988 report "Framework for Action" states the
"main scientific goal is to advance the quantitative
understanding of the coupling mechanisms that are
responsible for the transfer of energy and mass from
one region of the solar-terrestrial system to another."
It continues: "The program will involve coordinated
observations with instruments on the ground, in the air
and in space; theory and simulation studies; and data
and information systems."
i.e. Coordinated, integrated, comprehensive 3D
synoptic and modeling projects
What IPY, IGY, etc. Programs Did
Map the phenomena
IPY 1
Synoptic
obs network of polar stations
IPY 2
Add
thirdupper
dimension
Explore
atmosphere
IGY
Add
Antarctica
IGY
Explore
space and space
● Organize
&Add
coordinate
data
gathering
&
analysis
IQSY
solar
min.
to
IGY
solar
max.
IQSY
Complement IGY
● Provide
thematic
emphases
IMS
Add
SSC
and CDAWs
IMS
Study system
complexity
● Justify
allocations
under program
STEP resource
Add numerical
modeling
STEP
Study integrated interactive system
themes
IHY
Add comparative heliospheric studies
IHY
Universalize heliospheric structures
and processes
Justification for
Heliophysics Objectives
“It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the
development of a solid understanding of the magnetic
activity, occurring in so many forms in so many
circumstances in the astronomical universe, can be
achieved only by coordinated study of the various
forms of activity that are accessible to quantitative
observation in the solar system.”
E. Parker Cosmical Magnetic Fields
“Someone should be studying the whole system,
however crudely that has to be done, because no
gluing together of partial studies of a complex
nonlinear system can give a good idea of the
behavior of the whole."
Murray Gell-Mann
Heliospheric Plasma Physics
A Universal Science
I. Division of the Universe
 Gravitationally organized matter: Gravity pulls
matter - creates planets, stars, galaxies
 Magnetically organized matter: Magnetic fields
push matter – create sunspots and
magnetospheres
 Tension between them creates solar and
magnetospheric storms – space weather
Organization of the Universe
Space Weather
Chapters and Headings in
Heliophysics
Reconnection Geometry
TRACE Image of reconnection
in the corona
Magnetospheric Multiscale Missi
Same absolute scale in both pictures
What the Heliophysics Program
Can Do
● Organize & coordinate data gathering & analysis
● Comparative heliophsical studies
● Provide thematic emphases (move from mission
focus to general heliophysical concepts and
processes)
● Universalize heliophysical structures and
processes
● Justify resource allocations for initiatives (e.g.
space weather and comparative studies)
● CDF for comparative heliophysical studies
● Web accessible data and models (CCMC)
● CDAWs for comparative heliophysical studies
What the Heliophysics Program
Can Do
● Organize & coordinate data gathering & analysis
● Comparative heliophsical studies
● Provide thematic emphases (move from mission
focus to general heliophysical concepts and
processes)
● Universalize heliophysical structures and
processes
● Justify resource allocations for initiatives (e.g.
space weather and comparative studies)
● CDF for comparative heliophysical studies
● Web accessible data and models (CCMC)
● CDAWs for comparative heliophysical studies
Chapters and Headings in
Heliophysics