Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Substances We now turn our attention
... property, and in Table A-5 the saturation pressure is the independent property. The saturation pressure is the pressure at which phase change will occur for a given temperature. In the saturation region the temperature and pressure are dependent properties; if one is known, then the other is automat ...
... property, and in Table A-5 the saturation pressure is the independent property. The saturation pressure is the pressure at which phase change will occur for a given temperature. In the saturation region the temperature and pressure are dependent properties; if one is known, then the other is automat ...
What*s different about children*s kidneys
... • ↓ medullary blood flow through the vasa recta → ↓ washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space → ↑ [NaCl] + [urea] in the medulla → ↑ absorption of tubular fluid. ...
... • ↓ medullary blood flow through the vasa recta → ↓ washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space → ↑ [NaCl] + [urea] in the medulla → ↑ absorption of tubular fluid. ...
Synthesis of NiMn2O4 assisted by high
... the correspondent peak height was plotted in every chart in order to have the same scale. This method allows comparisons to be made given that all the diffraction patterns were obtained under the same conditions and although there could be some random variations the trend is the most important matte ...
... the correspondent peak height was plotted in every chart in order to have the same scale. This method allows comparisons to be made given that all the diffraction patterns were obtained under the same conditions and although there could be some random variations the trend is the most important matte ...
Ratio Strength
... • Expresses the number of milligrams of substance in 100 mL of liquid. • Is used frequently to denote the concentration of a drug or natural substance in a biologic fluid, as in the blood. • The concentration of nonprotein nitrogen in the blood is 30 mg% means that each 100 mL of blood contains 30 m ...
... • Expresses the number of milligrams of substance in 100 mL of liquid. • Is used frequently to denote the concentration of a drug or natural substance in a biologic fluid, as in the blood. • The concentration of nonprotein nitrogen in the blood is 30 mg% means that each 100 mL of blood contains 30 m ...
Part III: Second Law of Thermodynamics
... (i) The principle of Thomson (Lord Kelvin) states: 'It is impossible by a cyclic process to take heat from a reservoir and to convert it into work without simultaneously transferring heat from a hot to a cold reservoir.' This statement of the second law is related to equilibrium, i.e. work can be ob ...
... (i) The principle of Thomson (Lord Kelvin) states: 'It is impossible by a cyclic process to take heat from a reservoir and to convert it into work without simultaneously transferring heat from a hot to a cold reservoir.' This statement of the second law is related to equilibrium, i.e. work can be ob ...
Basic Thermodynamics - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... different from that (Refer Slide Time: 03:11 min). If the heat addition and rejections are same, the work quantity will be same by the first law. Out of these three quantities - heat addition, heat rejection, and work - two are independent and one is dependent by the conservation of energy. So, they ...
... different from that (Refer Slide Time: 03:11 min). If the heat addition and rejections are same, the work quantity will be same by the first law. Out of these three quantities - heat addition, heat rejection, and work - two are independent and one is dependent by the conservation of energy. So, they ...
United States Patent 6,964,168 Pierson , et al. November 15, 2005
... exchanger adapted to receive said intermediate operating fluid and provide cooling for the air entering the turbine. 32. The system of claim 30 wherein said at least one turbine is adapted to utilize at least one intermediate refrigeration heat exchanger adapted to receive the cooled working fluid a ...
... exchanger adapted to receive said intermediate operating fluid and provide cooling for the air entering the turbine. 32. The system of claim 30 wherein said at least one turbine is adapted to utilize at least one intermediate refrigeration heat exchanger adapted to receive the cooled working fluid a ...
Fetal Membranes
... passes into the fetal blood stream and the waste products in it cross the placental membrane and enter the maternal blood in the intervillous space ...
... passes into the fetal blood stream and the waste products in it cross the placental membrane and enter the maternal blood in the intervillous space ...
Thermodynamic Cycles
... A temperature difference of 0.00001 °F (degrees Fahrenheit) appears to be more reversible than transferring heat across a temperature difference of 100 °F. Irreversible Process An irreversible process cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions if reversed. For ex ...
... A temperature difference of 0.00001 °F (degrees Fahrenheit) appears to be more reversible than transferring heat across a temperature difference of 100 °F. Irreversible Process An irreversible process cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions if reversed. For ex ...
Chapter 10 Cycles
... • high power output: One can enhance this by raising the fluid to a high temperature during the combustion process or by pumping the fluid to a high pressure. Both strategies soon run into material limits; turbine blades melt and pipes burst. Another strategy is to lower the condenser pressure, whic ...
... • high power output: One can enhance this by raising the fluid to a high temperature during the combustion process or by pumping the fluid to a high pressure. Both strategies soon run into material limits; turbine blades melt and pipes burst. Another strategy is to lower the condenser pressure, whic ...
An isotonic potassium chloride liquid junction minimises
... presumably because it abolishes the precipitation of protein (and of red celIs) that is known to occur at hypertonic junctions.9-13 An additional advantage of an isotonic junction is that the instability of readings is reduced," 12 an observation confirmed here. The use of an isotonic NaCI bridge fo ...
... presumably because it abolishes the precipitation of protein (and of red celIs) that is known to occur at hypertonic junctions.9-13 An additional advantage of an isotonic junction is that the instability of readings is reduced," 12 an observation confirmed here. The use of an isotonic NaCI bridge fo ...
IFS_Question_Paper_Chemical_engineering
... 4. One mole of an ideal gas initially at P1 and T1 is compressed reversibly and adiabatically till the pressure is P2 and then it is cooled at constant volume to the initial pressure, finally the gas is restored to the initial state through an isobaric process. Calculate the work done by the process ...
... 4. One mole of an ideal gas initially at P1 and T1 is compressed reversibly and adiabatically till the pressure is P2 and then it is cooled at constant volume to the initial pressure, finally the gas is restored to the initial state through an isobaric process. Calculate the work done by the process ...
S15--AP Phys Q4--Heat-Thermo Ch13_14_15
... Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is a thermodynamic process in which a system returns to the same conditions under which it started? a. a cyclic process b. an isothermal process c. an isovolumetric process d. an adiabatic proces ...
... Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is a thermodynamic process in which a system returns to the same conditions under which it started? a. a cyclic process b. an isothermal process c. an isovolumetric process d. an adiabatic proces ...
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). In cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls off quickly, leading to wasted potential. For example, in the diagram at the right, the fluid being heated (exiting top) has a higher exiting temperature than the cooled fluid (exiting bottom) that was used for heating. With cocurrent or parallel exchange the heated and cooled fluids can only approach one another. The result is that countercurrent exchange can achieve a greater amount of heat or mass transfer than parallel under otherwise similar conditions. See: flow arrangement.Countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. Specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing fluid's tubes, the system is called a Countercurrent multiplier, enabling a multiplied effect of many small pumps to gradually build up a large concentration in the buffer liquid.Other countercurrent exchange circuits where the incoming and outgoing fluids touch each other are used for retaining a high concentration of a dissolved substance or for retaining heat, or for allowing the external buildup of the heat or concentration at one point in the system.Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a Rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems. Countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from sugar beet roots.Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. The tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a constant small pumping action all along it, so that a gradual intensification of the heat or concentration is created towards the loop. Countercurrent multiplication has been found in the kidneys as well as in many other biological organs.