Topic 8-Solubility-Modified
... Solvent solute interaction A) Polar solvent: (e.g., water): Polar solvents work by the following mechanisms: (1) Owing to high dielectric constant; polar solvents reduce ionic attraction between oppositely charged ions in ...
... Solvent solute interaction A) Polar solvent: (e.g., water): Polar solvents work by the following mechanisms: (1) Owing to high dielectric constant; polar solvents reduce ionic attraction between oppositely charged ions in ...
The Noble-Abel Stiffened-Gas equation of state
... In thermodynamics science, knowledge of two state variables is enough to represent the whole thermodynamic state of a pure fluid. These variables are chosen among the following set of variables or combination of them : specific internal energy, specific entropy, specific volume, pressure and tempera ...
... In thermodynamics science, knowledge of two state variables is enough to represent the whole thermodynamic state of a pure fluid. These variables are chosen among the following set of variables or combination of them : specific internal energy, specific entropy, specific volume, pressure and tempera ...
Specialty Surfactant Products
... product developments, as new tailor-made surfactants are added to our portfolio continuously. We maintain and enhance our image as a premier specialty surfactant supplier through the following features: • Our specialty surfactant plant is equipped with both continuous and multi-purpose batch reacto ...
... product developments, as new tailor-made surfactants are added to our portfolio continuously. We maintain and enhance our image as a premier specialty surfactant supplier through the following features: • Our specialty surfactant plant is equipped with both continuous and multi-purpose batch reacto ...
File
... • Consider two states of water. At state 1 the pressure is 3 MPa and the temperature is 500 C. At state 2, the pressure is 0.3 MPa and the specific entropy is the same as at state 1, s2=s1. Determine the temperature at state 2. • Determine the specific entropy of Refrigerant 134a at a state where th ...
... • Consider two states of water. At state 1 the pressure is 3 MPa and the temperature is 500 C. At state 2, the pressure is 0.3 MPa and the specific entropy is the same as at state 1, s2=s1. Determine the temperature at state 2. • Determine the specific entropy of Refrigerant 134a at a state where th ...
Exergy - SABİS
... argon gas at 400 K and 350 kPa. Heat is now transferred to the argon from a furnace at 1200 K, and the argon expands isothermally until its volume is doubled. No heat transfer takes place between the argon and the surrounding atmospheric air, which is at T0 300 K and P0 100 kPa. Determine (a) the us ...
... argon gas at 400 K and 350 kPa. Heat is now transferred to the argon from a furnace at 1200 K, and the argon expands isothermally until its volume is doubled. No heat transfer takes place between the argon and the surrounding atmospheric air, which is at T0 300 K and P0 100 kPa. Determine (a) the us ...
3.Lecturenotes(Placenta and fetal membrane)
... particularly those which prevent the infant from normal swallowing. (either because of esophageal atresia or through lack of nervous control of the swallowing mechanism ( as in anencephaly) Oligohydramnios, or a decreased amount in amniotic fluid, is associated with poor production of amniotic fluid ...
... particularly those which prevent the infant from normal swallowing. (either because of esophageal atresia or through lack of nervous control of the swallowing mechanism ( as in anencephaly) Oligohydramnios, or a decreased amount in amniotic fluid, is associated with poor production of amniotic fluid ...
Pure Substances
... Consider another experiment with piston cylinder arrangement. Suppose that the cylinder contains one kg of ice at –200C and one bar. When heat is transferred to the ice the pressure remains constant the specific volume increases slightly and the temperature increases until it reaches 0 0C, at which ...
... Consider another experiment with piston cylinder arrangement. Suppose that the cylinder contains one kg of ice at –200C and one bar. When heat is transferred to the ice the pressure remains constant the specific volume increases slightly and the temperature increases until it reaches 0 0C, at which ...
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). In cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls off quickly, leading to wasted potential. For example, in the diagram at the right, the fluid being heated (exiting top) has a higher exiting temperature than the cooled fluid (exiting bottom) that was used for heating. With cocurrent or parallel exchange the heated and cooled fluids can only approach one another. The result is that countercurrent exchange can achieve a greater amount of heat or mass transfer than parallel under otherwise similar conditions. See: flow arrangement.Countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. Specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing fluid's tubes, the system is called a Countercurrent multiplier, enabling a multiplied effect of many small pumps to gradually build up a large concentration in the buffer liquid.Other countercurrent exchange circuits where the incoming and outgoing fluids touch each other are used for retaining a high concentration of a dissolved substance or for retaining heat, or for allowing the external buildup of the heat or concentration at one point in the system.Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a Rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems. Countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from sugar beet roots.Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. The tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a constant small pumping action all along it, so that a gradual intensification of the heat or concentration is created towards the loop. Countercurrent multiplication has been found in the kidneys as well as in many other biological organs.