TEMPERATURE HEAT
... The number 273 .1 5 in Equation 12.1 is an exp巳rimental result , obtained in studies that utilize a gas-bas巳d thermom巳ter. When a gas confined to a fixed volum巳 is heated , its pressure increases. Conversely, wh巳n the gas is cool 巳d , its pr巳 ssur巳 decr巳 as巳s. For 巳xample , the air pressur巳 in autom ...
... The number 273 .1 5 in Equation 12.1 is an exp巳rimental result , obtained in studies that utilize a gas-bas巳d thermom巳ter. When a gas confined to a fixed volum巳 is heated , its pressure increases. Conversely, wh巳n the gas is cool 巳d , its pr巳 ssur巳 decr巳 as巳s. For 巳xample , the air pressur巳 in autom ...
for high volume liquid phosphate fertilizer applications for use on
... methods from those normally used are tried, test strips are recommended until such new DO NOT USE AVAIL HV for LIQUID PHOSPHATE methods have been proven to be effective. FERTILIZERS on granular phosphate fertilizers. AVAIL HV for LIQUID PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS SOIL TYPES AND CROPS may be used with liq ...
... methods from those normally used are tried, test strips are recommended until such new DO NOT USE AVAIL HV for LIQUID PHOSPHATE methods have been proven to be effective. FERTILIZERS on granular phosphate fertilizers. AVAIL HV for LIQUID PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS SOIL TYPES AND CROPS may be used with liq ...
Detailed modeling of the evaporation and thermal decomposition of
... When injected into the exhaust hot gases, UWS droplets undergo heating which leads to a progressive increase of urea concentration inside the droplet during the evaporation process. The effects of solute on evaporation of droplets have been studied by Basu and Cetegen [11]. They modeled liquid ceram ...
... When injected into the exhaust hot gases, UWS droplets undergo heating which leads to a progressive increase of urea concentration inside the droplet during the evaporation process. The effects of solute on evaporation of droplets have been studied by Basu and Cetegen [11]. They modeled liquid ceram ...
Chapter 11 - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
... Notice that both COPs increase as the difference between the two temperatures decreases, that is, as TL rises or TH falls. The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle operating between two specified temperature levels. Therefore, it is natural to look at it first as a prospec ...
... Notice that both COPs increase as the difference between the two temperatures decreases, that is, as TL rises or TH falls. The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle operating between two specified temperature levels. Therefore, it is natural to look at it first as a prospec ...
radiology anatomy of the pituitary gland
... receives a nerve supply from some of the hypothalamic nuclei (supraoptic & paraventricular) The axons of these nuclei convey their neurosecretion to the Posterior lobe of pituitary gland through Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract from where it passes into the blood stream. ...
... receives a nerve supply from some of the hypothalamic nuclei (supraoptic & paraventricular) The axons of these nuclei convey their neurosecretion to the Posterior lobe of pituitary gland through Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract from where it passes into the blood stream. ...
Physiology 27 [5-11
... o Water and solutes transported through cell membranes (transcellular route) or through spaces between cell junctions (paracellular route) o Carried into blood via ultrafiltration (bulk flow) Active transport -> requires E. If coupled directly to E = primary active transport (ex. Na/K ATPase pump). ...
... o Water and solutes transported through cell membranes (transcellular route) or through spaces between cell junctions (paracellular route) o Carried into blood via ultrafiltration (bulk flow) Active transport -> requires E. If coupled directly to E = primary active transport (ex. Na/K ATPase pump). ...
Energy Generation and Conservation
... Classification of properties of a system: The thermodynamic property of a system is divided into two general classes. 1. Extensive properties 2. Intensive properties Extensive properties: A quantity of a matter in a given system is divided, notionally into a numbers of parts. The properties of the s ...
... Classification of properties of a system: The thermodynamic property of a system is divided into two general classes. 1. Extensive properties 2. Intensive properties Extensive properties: A quantity of a matter in a given system is divided, notionally into a numbers of parts. The properties of the s ...
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
... 1.the slightest decrease in calcium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid causes the glands to increase the rate of secretion within minutes, and if the decreased calcium concentration persists ,the gland will hypertrophy. 2.Any condition that increases the calcium ion concentration causes de ...
... 1.the slightest decrease in calcium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid causes the glands to increase the rate of secretion within minutes, and if the decreased calcium concentration persists ,the gland will hypertrophy. 2.Any condition that increases the calcium ion concentration causes de ...
Knowledge Check (Answer Key)
... A temperature difference of 0.00001 °F (degrees Fahrenheit) appears to be more reversible than transferring heat across a temperature difference of 100 °F. Irreversible (Real) Process An irreversible process cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions if reversed. ...
... A temperature difference of 0.00001 °F (degrees Fahrenheit) appears to be more reversible than transferring heat across a temperature difference of 100 °F. Irreversible (Real) Process An irreversible process cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions if reversed. ...
ch06A-2013
... Comment: The value of the entropy production for a single component such as the throttling valve considered here often does not have much significance by itself. The significance of the entropy production of any component is normally determined through comparison with the entropy production values o ...
... Comment: The value of the entropy production for a single component such as the throttling valve considered here often does not have much significance by itself. The significance of the entropy production of any component is normally determined through comparison with the entropy production values o ...
Ammonia removal from wastewater by ion exchange in
... Complete removal of ammonia is required due to its extreme toxicity to most fish species. Aquaculture occasionally requires water to be cool (B101C), which is an unsatisfactory temperature for many biological methods. Biological methods (nitrification) do not respond well to shock loads of ammonia, an ...
... Complete removal of ammonia is required due to its extreme toxicity to most fish species. Aquaculture occasionally requires water to be cool (B101C), which is an unsatisfactory temperature for many biological methods. Biological methods (nitrification) do not respond well to shock loads of ammonia, an ...
C143
... silicon, pin fins, and microchannels. The nanostructures were grown on a plain surface, sides of an array of pin fins, and over the top surfaces of microchannel side walls. The nanotubes were grown using a carbon nanotube (CNT) process with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as described by Wei et al. ...
... silicon, pin fins, and microchannels. The nanostructures were grown on a plain surface, sides of an array of pin fins, and over the top surfaces of microchannel side walls. The nanotubes were grown using a carbon nanotube (CNT) process with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as described by Wei et al. ...
University of Groningen Analytical solution for facilitated transport
... for unequal di;usivities of carrier and complex. An equilibrium composition with a constant concentration of carrier was used. The equation obtained for the facilitation factor in this study reduced to the one of Smith and Quinn (1979) for one permeate and equal di;usivities of carrier and complex. ...
... for unequal di;usivities of carrier and complex. An equilibrium composition with a constant concentration of carrier was used. The equation obtained for the facilitation factor in this study reduced to the one of Smith and Quinn (1979) for one permeate and equal di;usivities of carrier and complex. ...
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). In cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls off quickly, leading to wasted potential. For example, in the diagram at the right, the fluid being heated (exiting top) has a higher exiting temperature than the cooled fluid (exiting bottom) that was used for heating. With cocurrent or parallel exchange the heated and cooled fluids can only approach one another. The result is that countercurrent exchange can achieve a greater amount of heat or mass transfer than parallel under otherwise similar conditions. See: flow arrangement.Countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. Specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing fluid's tubes, the system is called a Countercurrent multiplier, enabling a multiplied effect of many small pumps to gradually build up a large concentration in the buffer liquid.Other countercurrent exchange circuits where the incoming and outgoing fluids touch each other are used for retaining a high concentration of a dissolved substance or for retaining heat, or for allowing the external buildup of the heat or concentration at one point in the system.Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a Rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems. Countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from sugar beet roots.Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. The tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a constant small pumping action all along it, so that a gradual intensification of the heat or concentration is created towards the loop. Countercurrent multiplication has been found in the kidneys as well as in many other biological organs.