Derivation of mass balance equations
... from the liquid to the gas phase [kg/h]. The transfer of oxygen is assumed equal to the consumption of oxygen, and can be described in the following way assuming that all ingoing carbon in the feed is converted in the fermentor: M O2 YSO F cF [kg/h] ...
... from the liquid to the gas phase [kg/h]. The transfer of oxygen is assumed equal to the consumption of oxygen, and can be described in the following way assuming that all ingoing carbon in the feed is converted in the fermentor: M O2 YSO F cF [kg/h] ...
Key - GCC
... Conservation of energy means that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. For example, in a chemical reaction, potential energy stored in chemical bonds may be converted to heat, light, or sound energy as a result of a chemical reaction. 4) Draw a picture show ...
... Conservation of energy means that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. For example, in a chemical reaction, potential energy stored in chemical bonds may be converted to heat, light, or sound energy as a result of a chemical reaction. 4) Draw a picture show ...
Heat and Mass Transfer B4- OGILVIE
... slurry where the particles arrange themselves to form regular geometric patterns called crystals. In most food and pharmaceutical companies, crystallizers have been widely used to produce their products to be sold in the market that can be used in daily households and in hospitals. This process has ...
... slurry where the particles arrange themselves to form regular geometric patterns called crystals. In most food and pharmaceutical companies, crystallizers have been widely used to produce their products to be sold in the market that can be used in daily households and in hospitals. This process has ...
Thermodynamics I
... • Energy is the capacity to do work • The forms of energy most important in chemistry are: – thermal energy (kinetic energy) associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules – chemical energy (potential energy) stored in the structural units of chemical substances, i.e. , covalent bonds, ion ...
... • Energy is the capacity to do work • The forms of energy most important in chemistry are: – thermal energy (kinetic energy) associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules – chemical energy (potential energy) stored in the structural units of chemical substances, i.e. , covalent bonds, ion ...
first law of thermodynamics 1.introduction 2.equation form of the first
... The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can either be created or destroyed, only altered in a form. In analyzing an open system using the first law of thermodynamics, the energy into the system is equal to the energy leaving the system. The amount of energy transferred across a heat excha ...
... The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can either be created or destroyed, only altered in a form. In analyzing an open system using the first law of thermodynamics, the energy into the system is equal to the energy leaving the system. The amount of energy transferred across a heat excha ...
Thermochemistry
... We can measure the ∆H by experiment for this reaction. We cannot measure directly the absolute heat contents of hydrogen, oxygen or water. But if we have defined the H of any free element (hydrogen and oxygen) to be zero then ∆H = H (2 moles of water) We see that the ∆H that we measure for this exp ...
... We can measure the ∆H by experiment for this reaction. We cannot measure directly the absolute heat contents of hydrogen, oxygen or water. But if we have defined the H of any free element (hydrogen and oxygen) to be zero then ∆H = H (2 moles of water) We see that the ∆H that we measure for this exp ...
Theory
... material and heat exchange between the water and the ambient air. The cooling tower is a special form of heat exchanger because in addition to heat exchange, a material exchange also occurs as a result of evaporation. In fact, evaporation is the main mechanism by which the water is cooled in the coo ...
... material and heat exchange between the water and the ambient air. The cooling tower is a special form of heat exchanger because in addition to heat exchange, a material exchange also occurs as a result of evaporation. In fact, evaporation is the main mechanism by which the water is cooled in the coo ...
Chapter 11 Homework
... heat is a form of energy (thermal energy) that flows between objects at different temperatures. heat is different than temperature, which is a measure of average kinetic energy. chemical potential energy is a form of energy stored within a substance, depending on the types of atoms, bonds, and ...
... heat is a form of energy (thermal energy) that flows between objects at different temperatures. heat is different than temperature, which is a measure of average kinetic energy. chemical potential energy is a form of energy stored within a substance, depending on the types of atoms, bonds, and ...
thus
... one containing atoms of the element A and the other containing atoms of element B. When the two crystals are placed in contact with one another, the spontaneous process which occurs is the diffusion of A atoms into the crystal B lattice sites and diffusion of the B atoms into the crystal A lattice. ...
... one containing atoms of the element A and the other containing atoms of element B. When the two crystals are placed in contact with one another, the spontaneous process which occurs is the diffusion of A atoms into the crystal B lattice sites and diffusion of the B atoms into the crystal A lattice. ...
CYL100 2013–14 I semester Homework 2 Solutions 1. Consider a
... which is a result we derived earlier by another approach. We see that Y = − G T , which suggests that (dY )T,P ≥ 0 would be the condition for spontaneity and equilibrium. 11. It is often claimed that one can skate on ice because the pressure of the skate causes the ice to melt, thus dramatically red ...
... which is a result we derived earlier by another approach. We see that Y = − G T , which suggests that (dY )T,P ≥ 0 would be the condition for spontaneity and equilibrium. 11. It is often claimed that one can skate on ice because the pressure of the skate causes the ice to melt, thus dramatically red ...
Ch 17--Thermochemistry(first class)
... change of state occurs via a gain/loss of energy • Heat absorbed by 1 mole of a solid during melting (constant temperature) is the molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus) • Molar heat of solidification (ΔHsolid) is the heat lost by 1 mole of liquid as it solidifies (constant temperature) ...
... change of state occurs via a gain/loss of energy • Heat absorbed by 1 mole of a solid during melting (constant temperature) is the molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus) • Molar heat of solidification (ΔHsolid) is the heat lost by 1 mole of liquid as it solidifies (constant temperature) ...
Physics 201 - University of Virginia
... Warming, and Energy Resources Over 90% of the energy used in the U.S. is generated using heat engines to drive turbines and generators—even nuclear power plants use the energy generated from fission to heat water for a steam engine. The thermal output QL of all these heat engines contributes to warm ...
... Warming, and Energy Resources Over 90% of the energy used in the U.S. is generated using heat engines to drive turbines and generators—even nuclear power plants use the energy generated from fission to heat water for a steam engine. The thermal output QL of all these heat engines contributes to warm ...
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). In cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls off quickly, leading to wasted potential. For example, in the diagram at the right, the fluid being heated (exiting top) has a higher exiting temperature than the cooled fluid (exiting bottom) that was used for heating. With cocurrent or parallel exchange the heated and cooled fluids can only approach one another. The result is that countercurrent exchange can achieve a greater amount of heat or mass transfer than parallel under otherwise similar conditions. See: flow arrangement.Countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. Specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing fluid's tubes, the system is called a Countercurrent multiplier, enabling a multiplied effect of many small pumps to gradually build up a large concentration in the buffer liquid.Other countercurrent exchange circuits where the incoming and outgoing fluids touch each other are used for retaining a high concentration of a dissolved substance or for retaining heat, or for allowing the external buildup of the heat or concentration at one point in the system.Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a Rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems. Countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from sugar beet roots.Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. The tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a constant small pumping action all along it, so that a gradual intensification of the heat or concentration is created towards the loop. Countercurrent multiplication has been found in the kidneys as well as in many other biological organs.