Exercise Physiology - Anderson Training Systems
... The body needs a constant supply of energy to function. The two primary sources of energy for the body are the aerobic and anaerobic systems. The literal definition of aerobic is "with oxygen" therefore, aerobic energy is energy produced in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen is delivered to working musc ...
... The body needs a constant supply of energy to function. The two primary sources of energy for the body are the aerobic and anaerobic systems. The literal definition of aerobic is "with oxygen" therefore, aerobic energy is energy produced in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen is delivered to working musc ...
Long-term pathological consequences of prenatal infection: beyond
... infectious process targeting the maternal host. Indeed, it appears that more marked postnatal inflammatory changes are seen following relatively severe forms of maternal immune challenge, such as chronic exposure to immune system-activating agents throughout the entire gestational period (17). In co ...
... infectious process targeting the maternal host. Indeed, it appears that more marked postnatal inflammatory changes are seen following relatively severe forms of maternal immune challenge, such as chronic exposure to immune system-activating agents throughout the entire gestational period (17). In co ...
Proinflammatory profile of in vitro monocytes in the ageing is
... endotoxin present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and widely used for immunological assay, is recognized by monocyte/macrophage CD14 receptor and tolllike receptor (TLR) 4-MD2 [22]. These molecular interactions result in the release of different active molecules in various inflammatory me ...
... endotoxin present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and widely used for immunological assay, is recognized by monocyte/macrophage CD14 receptor and tolllike receptor (TLR) 4-MD2 [22]. These molecular interactions result in the release of different active molecules in various inflammatory me ...
β2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR MODULATION OF MACROPHAGE
... (Under the direction of Dr. Patrick Flood) Research has demonstrated that the complex interaction between the nervous system and the immune system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system is capable of modulating the immune response via activation of β2-adrenergic recepto ...
... (Under the direction of Dr. Patrick Flood) Research has demonstrated that the complex interaction between the nervous system and the immune system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system is capable of modulating the immune response via activation of β2-adrenergic recepto ...
Innate Immune Cells in Liver Inflammation
... opsonization (e.g., C3b), and activation of mast cells [14]. The complement system is activated through three different pathways: the classical, alternative, and mannose-binding lectin pathway. Its activation is initiated by the binding of one or more molecules of the above pathways on the surface of ...
... opsonization (e.g., C3b), and activation of mast cells [14]. The complement system is activated through three different pathways: the classical, alternative, and mannose-binding lectin pathway. Its activation is initiated by the binding of one or more molecules of the above pathways on the surface of ...
- Doctor of the Future
... toxins, drugs, alcohol, pathogens Two pathways exist across the epithelium: intracellular – through cells controlled by cell membranes, paracellular – between cells, controlled by the permeability of tight junctions ( in unhealthy system these junctions leak and allow molecules to be introduced in ...
... toxins, drugs, alcohol, pathogens Two pathways exist across the epithelium: intracellular – through cells controlled by cell membranes, paracellular – between cells, controlled by the permeability of tight junctions ( in unhealthy system these junctions leak and allow molecules to be introduced in ...
Alterations of cell-mediated immunity following cardiac operations
... whose nature has been increasingly elucidated during the recent decade. Clinically, patients usually show two to three of the four symptoms, which define the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In addition, all parameters of the innate, nonspecific immune system, e.g., polymorp ...
... whose nature has been increasingly elucidated during the recent decade. Clinically, patients usually show two to three of the four symptoms, which define the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In addition, all parameters of the innate, nonspecific immune system, e.g., polymorp ...
Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity
... kill or inactivate a diverse range of skin pathogens, including Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites (30). Whereas some of these molecules are constitutively expressed, the expression of others is controlled by defined members of the microbiota such as Propionibacte ...
... kill or inactivate a diverse range of skin pathogens, including Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites (30). Whereas some of these molecules are constitutively expressed, the expression of others is controlled by defined members of the microbiota such as Propionibacte ...
Cardiovasc. Res. 81197-205 (2009) - digital
... hallmark of atherosclerosis. Factors contributing to neointimal cell accumulation include the ...
... hallmark of atherosclerosis. Factors contributing to neointimal cell accumulation include the ...
Inflammation
Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.Inflammation is a protective response that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair.The classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen.Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. In contrast, chronic inflammation may lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). Inflammation is therefore normally closely regulated by the body.Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.Inflammation is not a synonym for infection. Infection describes the interaction between the action of microbial invasion and the reaction of the body's inflammatory defensive response — the two components are considered together when discussing an infection, and the word is used to imply a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory reaction. Inflammation on the other hand describes purely the body's immunovascular response, whatever the cause may be. But because of how often the two are correlated, words ending in the suffix -itis (which refers to inflammation) are sometimes informally described as referring to infection. For example, the word urethritis strictly means only ""urethral inflammation"", but clinical health care providers usually discuss urethritis as a urethral infection because urethral microbial invasion is the most common cause of urethritis.It is useful to differentiate inflammation and infection as there are many pathological situations where inflammation is not driven by microbial invasion - for example, atherosclerosis, type III hypersensitivity, trauma, ischaemia. There are also pathological situations where microbial invasion does not result in classic inflammatory response—for example, parasitosis, eosinophilia.