The Immune System
... attacks by foreign invaders these are primarily, how to boost your immune system harvard health - on the whole your immune system does a remarkable job of defending you against disease causing microorganisms but sometimes it fails a germ invades successfully, immunotherapy using the immune system to ...
... attacks by foreign invaders these are primarily, how to boost your immune system harvard health - on the whole your immune system does a remarkable job of defending you against disease causing microorganisms but sometimes it fails a germ invades successfully, immunotherapy using the immune system to ...
Oxidative stress, innate immunity, and age
... restricting immune activation in response to these molecules [8]. The risk-associated CFHY402H mutation reduces the affinity of CFH to bind such molecules, thereby reducing its ability to maintain immune homeostasis in the eye. While wild-type CFH has demonstrated protective benefits in AMD, express ...
... restricting immune activation in response to these molecules [8]. The risk-associated CFHY402H mutation reduces the affinity of CFH to bind such molecules, thereby reducing its ability to maintain immune homeostasis in the eye. While wild-type CFH has demonstrated protective benefits in AMD, express ...
The Immune-Pineal Axis: the Role of Pineal and Extra
... Microglia was suggested to mediate neuroendocrineimmune interactions of the pineal gland [27]. Both microglia and astrocytes expresses IL-1, however, there is an intriguing difference between in vivo and ex vivo cellular expression of this cytokine. In vivo the expression is higher in astrocytes, w ...
... Microglia was suggested to mediate neuroendocrineimmune interactions of the pineal gland [27]. Both microglia and astrocytes expresses IL-1, however, there is an intriguing difference between in vivo and ex vivo cellular expression of this cytokine. In vivo the expression is higher in astrocytes, w ...
... leading to raised fluid accumulation. In addition, bacterial cell wall-derived fragments may also induce expression of tissue factor on both endothelial cells [36] and mesothelial cells [30] that binds to factor VII on the cell surface to initiate the coagulation cascade [33]. As leucocytes begin to ...
Inflammation
Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.Inflammation is a protective response that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair.The classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen.Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. In contrast, chronic inflammation may lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). Inflammation is therefore normally closely regulated by the body.Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.Inflammation is not a synonym for infection. Infection describes the interaction between the action of microbial invasion and the reaction of the body's inflammatory defensive response — the two components are considered together when discussing an infection, and the word is used to imply a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory reaction. Inflammation on the other hand describes purely the body's immunovascular response, whatever the cause may be. But because of how often the two are correlated, words ending in the suffix -itis (which refers to inflammation) are sometimes informally described as referring to infection. For example, the word urethritis strictly means only ""urethral inflammation"", but clinical health care providers usually discuss urethritis as a urethral infection because urethral microbial invasion is the most common cause of urethritis.It is useful to differentiate inflammation and infection as there are many pathological situations where inflammation is not driven by microbial invasion - for example, atherosclerosis, type III hypersensitivity, trauma, ischaemia. There are also pathological situations where microbial invasion does not result in classic inflammatory response—for example, parasitosis, eosinophilia.