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Chapter 21 - Dr. Gerry Cronin
Chapter 21 - Dr. Gerry Cronin

Table 1. CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Table 1. CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

immunoregulation (ir)
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Ketamine and Peripheral Inflammation
Ketamine and Peripheral Inflammation

... the site are of primary importance. Mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins and nitric oxide cause local vasodilation which increase blood flow and the amount of recruited leukocytes. Under the influence of histamine and leukotrienes, vascular permeability is increased allowing plasma proteins a ...
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... Salmonella are a common source of food- or water-borne infection and cause a wide range of clinical disease in human and animal hosts. The molecular tools available to study Salmonella as well as suitable animal models for salmonellosis, have provided optimal conditions to drive scientists to genera ...
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Vasculitis: Attack of the Leukocytes

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Raised plasma G-CSF and IL-6 after exercise may play a role in

... cells and in decreasing the transit time for neutrophils through the bone marrow into the peripheral blood (22). Moreover, several recent reports have shown that G-CSF is a faster mobilizing agent than corticosteroids for the collection of granulocytes for transfusion (6). Therefore, the increased l ...
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Immune modulation of some autoimmune diseases: the critical role

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Disorders of the Kidneys, Bladder and Urinary Organs

Inflammation and cancer: interweaving microRNA, free radical
Inflammation and cancer: interweaving microRNA, free radical

... carcinogenesis (28). Increased DNA methylation is observed in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases including ulcerative colitis and Barrett’s esophagus. Colonization of H.pylori in the gastric mucosa also leads to increased DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes (29) and this hypermethylati ...
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Inflammation



Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.Inflammation is a protective response that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair.The classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen.Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. In contrast, chronic inflammation may lead to a host of diseases, such as hay fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). Inflammation is therefore normally closely regulated by the body.Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.Inflammation is not a synonym for infection. Infection describes the interaction between the action of microbial invasion and the reaction of the body's inflammatory defensive response — the two components are considered together when discussing an infection, and the word is used to imply a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory reaction. Inflammation on the other hand describes purely the body's immunovascular response, whatever the cause may be. But because of how often the two are correlated, words ending in the suffix -itis (which refers to inflammation) are sometimes informally described as referring to infection. For example, the word urethritis strictly means only ""urethral inflammation"", but clinical health care providers usually discuss urethritis as a urethral infection because urethral microbial invasion is the most common cause of urethritis.It is useful to differentiate inflammation and infection as there are many pathological situations where inflammation is not driven by microbial invasion - for example, atherosclerosis, type III hypersensitivity, trauma, ischaemia. There are also pathological situations where microbial invasion does not result in classic inflammatory response—for example, parasitosis, eosinophilia.
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