Cognitive processes in grammaticalization
... in unrelated languages. Of all the tens of thousands of words in a language, only a small set are candidates for participation in the grammaticalization process. Are there any generalizations that could be made concerning the members of this set? Researchers in this area have made some interesting o ...
... in unrelated languages. Of all the tens of thousands of words in a language, only a small set are candidates for participation in the grammaticalization process. Are there any generalizations that could be made concerning the members of this set? Researchers in this area have made some interesting o ...
Verb Phrase Ellipsis in Japanese - DUO
... grammar, and more, if the grammar is so defined. It is not enough to claim, as Noam Chomsky does on numerous occasions, that a native speaker can ―use and understand an infinite number of sentences‖ (see for instance Cartesian Linguistics: 53). The native speaker knows more than this. He has to. He ...
... grammar, and more, if the grammar is so defined. It is not enough to claim, as Noam Chomsky does on numerous occasions, that a native speaker can ―use and understand an infinite number of sentences‖ (see for instance Cartesian Linguistics: 53). The native speaker knows more than this. He has to. He ...
Lec 1
... The form of a verb in Basque depends on the properties of the subject, the direct object (if there is one), and the indirect object (if there is one). A relative clause in an English noun phrase follows the head noun. A subject noun phrase in Latin is in the nominative case. (Underlined words are te ...
... The form of a verb in Basque depends on the properties of the subject, the direct object (if there is one), and the indirect object (if there is one). A relative clause in an English noun phrase follows the head noun. A subject noun phrase in Latin is in the nominative case. (Underlined words are te ...
Suppose, for instance, that the writer wants to achieve
... The Shadow Test: Recalling What We Know of the Language of Grammar and Syntax from Diederich, Paul B. Measuring Growth in English. NCTE, 1974. ...
... The Shadow Test: Recalling What We Know of the Language of Grammar and Syntax from Diederich, Paul B. Measuring Growth in English. NCTE, 1974. ...
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In accordance
... Sentence is the largest unit that is described in grammar. It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys.22 The sentence represents an eventuality by separating out the type of eventuality from the ...
... Sentence is the largest unit that is described in grammar. It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys.22 The sentence represents an eventuality by separating out the type of eventuality from the ...
independent clause
... clauses and use them in a complete sentence. Vary your placement of the dependent clause in your sentence. Label your subject and verb of the independent clause. Remember, when dependent clauses begin sentences you need to use a comma, and when dependent clauses interrupt sentences, use a comma! whe ...
... clauses and use them in a complete sentence. Vary your placement of the dependent clause in your sentence. Label your subject and verb of the independent clause. Remember, when dependent clauses begin sentences you need to use a comma, and when dependent clauses interrupt sentences, use a comma! whe ...
Gerund Phrase
... A Participial Phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and modifier(s) and/or direct object(s), indirect object(s), and/or prepositional phrases. Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river. The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. Removing (participle) his coat ...
... A Participial Phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and modifier(s) and/or direct object(s), indirect object(s), and/or prepositional phrases. Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river. The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. Removing (participle) his coat ...
sentences
... The word simple in ‘simple sentence’ does not mean ‘easy’. It means ‘one subject-verb pair’. The subject in a simple sentence may be compound. e.g. My brother and I are completely different. The verb in a simple sentence may be compound: e.g.They laughed and cried at the same time. However, ...
... The word simple in ‘simple sentence’ does not mean ‘easy’. It means ‘one subject-verb pair’. The subject in a simple sentence may be compound. e.g. My brother and I are completely different. The verb in a simple sentence may be compound: e.g.They laughed and cried at the same time. However, ...
Test Booklet and Instructions
... 1. A noun such as honesty, decision, or concept that names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. 2. A verb that usually precedes a main verb and must be used with certain forms of a main verb. 3. A dependent clause that usually begins with a relative pronoun, modifies a noun or a pron ...
... 1. A noun such as honesty, decision, or concept that names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. 2. A verb that usually precedes a main verb and must be used with certain forms of a main verb. 3. A dependent clause that usually begins with a relative pronoun, modifies a noun or a pron ...
A participle is a verb form used as an adjective to modify nouns and
... Both present and past participles can be used in phrases--called participial phrases--that modify nouns and pronouns. A participial phrase is made up of a participle and its modifiers. A participle may be followed by an object, an adverb, a prepositional phrase, an adverb clause, or any combination ...
... Both present and past participles can be used in phrases--called participial phrases--that modify nouns and pronouns. A participial phrase is made up of a participle and its modifiers. A participle may be followed by an object, an adverb, a prepositional phrase, an adverb clause, or any combination ...
Formal grammars
... Formal grammars - 2014 A formal grammar (sometimes simply called a grammar) is a set of formation rules for strings in a formal language. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of ...
... Formal grammars - 2014 A formal grammar (sometimes simply called a grammar) is a set of formation rules for strings in a formal language. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of ...
Name: Date: Phrases A phrase is a group of words without a subject
... Prepositional Phrases can act as Adjective Phrases like: The tree in my yard was dead. Remember, an adjective describes a noun by telling ‘which one?’ or ‘what kind?’! Prepositional Phrases can act as Adverb Phrases like: It had been dead in 2004 when I moved in. Remember, adverbs describe verbs, ad ...
... Prepositional Phrases can act as Adjective Phrases like: The tree in my yard was dead. Remember, an adjective describes a noun by telling ‘which one?’ or ‘what kind?’! Prepositional Phrases can act as Adverb Phrases like: It had been dead in 2004 when I moved in. Remember, adverbs describe verbs, ad ...
The position of prepositional phrases in Russian
... In running text, the ratio of strongly governed Ps to all occurrences of Ps is rather low; in our physics text, the ratio is estimated at 1 to 5 for approximately 34,000 occurrences of Ps. Quantitatively, the major task is the attachment of weakly governed or "adjoined" prepositional phrases to the ...
... In running text, the ratio of strongly governed Ps to all occurrences of Ps is rather low; in our physics text, the ratio is estimated at 1 to 5 for approximately 34,000 occurrences of Ps. Quantitatively, the major task is the attachment of weakly governed or "adjoined" prepositional phrases to the ...
Grammar Voyage - Royal Fireworks Press
... Appositive phrases are interrupting definitions. Enclosed in commas, they are put (pos) beside (apo) what they define. They act like nouns or sometimes like adjectives. Roberto, the captain’s poodle, came on board early. The canal, an old lake system, was still used by ships. Appositive phrases are ...
... Appositive phrases are interrupting definitions. Enclosed in commas, they are put (pos) beside (apo) what they define. They act like nouns or sometimes like adjectives. Roberto, the captain’s poodle, came on board early. The canal, an old lake system, was still used by ships. Appositive phrases are ...
Phrase - My Teacher Pages
... Examples: – Verb Phrase: could have been hiding [NO Subject] – Prepositional Phrase: over the river [No Subject or Verb] – Infinitive Phrase: to go with them [No Subject or Verb] ...
... Examples: – Verb Phrase: could have been hiding [NO Subject] – Prepositional Phrase: over the river [No Subject or Verb] – Infinitive Phrase: to go with them [No Subject or Verb] ...
restarting automata: motivations and applications
... of the sentence. The deletions of the strings in Prag and vor den Ferien can be performed in both orders. It means that this two pairs are mutually (syntactically) independent (and, in this particular case, are both dependent on the finite verb). It is the aim of the approach described here to find tr ...
... of the sentence. The deletions of the strings in Prag and vor den Ferien can be performed in both orders. It means that this two pairs are mutually (syntactically) independent (and, in this particular case, are both dependent on the finite verb). It is the aim of the approach described here to find tr ...
The linguistic string parser*
... tactic categories (noun, tensed verb, etc.) a set of elementary strings and rules for combining the elementary strings to form sentence strings. The simplest sentences consist of just one elementary string, called a center string. Examples of center strings are noun tensed-verb, such as "Tapes stret ...
... tactic categories (noun, tensed verb, etc.) a set of elementary strings and rules for combining the elementary strings to form sentence strings. The simplest sentences consist of just one elementary string, called a center string. Examples of center strings are noun tensed-verb, such as "Tapes stret ...
usage-based theory and grammaticalization
... Change in category membership is referred to by Hopper (1991) as ‘decategorialization’ because it is typically the case in grammaticalization that nouns and verbs are the lexical items that change their category within constructions and move into or create new more grammaticalized categories. For ex ...
... Change in category membership is referred to by Hopper (1991) as ‘decategorialization’ because it is typically the case in grammaticalization that nouns and verbs are the lexical items that change their category within constructions and move into or create new more grammaticalized categories. For ex ...
Gene Interaction Extraction from Biomedical Texts by Sentence Skeletonization
... Shallow parsing provides only partial decomposition of the sentence structure: part-of-speech tagged words are grouped into non-overlapping chunks of grammatically related words, whose relations are subsequently analyzed [10, 26]. Pustejovsky et al. [18] and Leroy et al. [13] accomplish the analysis ...
... Shallow parsing provides only partial decomposition of the sentence structure: part-of-speech tagged words are grouped into non-overlapping chunks of grammatically related words, whose relations are subsequently analyzed [10, 26]. Pustejovsky et al. [18] and Leroy et al. [13] accomplish the analysis ...
Enhanced English Universal Dependencies
... implicit relations between content words more explicit by adding relations and augmenting relation names. In the development of this representation, we adhered to the guidelines by Nivre et al. (2016) which state that an enhanced dependency graph may only contain additional dependencies or introduce ...
... implicit relations between content words more explicit by adding relations and augmenting relation names. In the development of this representation, we adhered to the guidelines by Nivre et al. (2016) which state that an enhanced dependency graph may only contain additional dependencies or introduce ...
this PDF file
... therefore: could –yoq constructions involve a sort of synthetic compound along the lines of house-owner, or a relative clause along the lines of one who has a house? The answer to this question is ‘no’. The –yoq-marked phrase cannot be a synthetic compound because Quechua synthetic compounds do not ...
... therefore: could –yoq constructions involve a sort of synthetic compound along the lines of house-owner, or a relative clause along the lines of one who has a house? The answer to this question is ‘no’. The –yoq-marked phrase cannot be a synthetic compound because Quechua synthetic compounds do not ...
RfW 398-400
... either stands alone or could stand alone as a sentence. A subordinate clause also contains a subject and a predicate, but it functions within a sentence as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun; it cannot stand alone. (See 48e.) Simple sentences ...
... either stands alone or could stand alone as a sentence. A subordinate clause also contains a subject and a predicate, but it functions within a sentence as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun; it cannot stand alone. (See 48e.) Simple sentences ...
On Gerunds and the Theory of Categories
... problematic structure where an NP projection dominates a verbal head, these researchers claim. It simply follows from what is essential to being a noun and from what is essential to being a verb that a word that is simultaneously a noun and verb has roughly the external distribution of the former an ...
... problematic structure where an NP projection dominates a verbal head, these researchers claim. It simply follows from what is essential to being a noun and from what is essential to being a verb that a word that is simultaneously a noun and verb has roughly the external distribution of the former an ...
Sentence Patterns
... Sentence Patterns Pattern #3: Use an exclamatory sentence. 1. Exclamatory sentences express a strong, genuine feeling like surprise, disgust, or joy. 2. Exclamatory sentences end with one exclamation point. Adding multiple points doesn’t add anything or convey more emotion. 3. Exclamation points do ...
... Sentence Patterns Pattern #3: Use an exclamatory sentence. 1. Exclamatory sentences express a strong, genuine feeling like surprise, disgust, or joy. 2. Exclamatory sentences end with one exclamation point. Adding multiple points doesn’t add anything or convey more emotion. 3. Exclamation points do ...
NP Movement into Theta-positions and Unexpected Behavior of
... evidence for Bošković (1997) and Saito (2001). I will argue that logical subjects of secondary resultatives in Japanese are moved from resultative goal phrases into internal theta position. In section 2.1, I will look at Bošković (1997) and Saito (2001), and section 2.2 is concerned with numeral qua ...
... evidence for Bošković (1997) and Saito (2001). I will argue that logical subjects of secondary resultatives in Japanese are moved from resultative goal phrases into internal theta position. In section 2.1, I will look at Bošković (1997) and Saito (2001), and section 2.2 is concerned with numeral qua ...
Antisymmetry
In linguistics, antisymmetry is a theory of syntactic linearization presented in Richard Kayne's 1994 monograph The Antisymmetry of Syntax. The crux of this theory is that hierarchical structure in natural language maps universally onto a particular surface linearization, namely specifier-head-complement branching order. The theory derives a version of X-bar theory. Kayne hypothesizes that all phrases whose surface order is not specifier-head-complement have undergone movements that disrupt this underlying order. Subsequently, there have also been attempts at deriving specifier-complement-head as the basic word order.Antisymmetry as a principle of word order is reliant on assumptions that many theories of syntax dispute, e.g. constituency structure (as opposed to dependency structure), X-bar notions such as specifier and complement, and the existence of ordering altering mechanisms such as movement and/or copying.