MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change
... gases (the most important of which is carbon dioxide) is leading to changes in the amount of sun energy that is trapped in the earth system and therefore to changes in the earth’s climate itself. Predictions of these changes are hard as the various inter-related mechanisms of heat storage, carbon st ...
... gases (the most important of which is carbon dioxide) is leading to changes in the amount of sun energy that is trapped in the earth system and therefore to changes in the earth’s climate itself. Predictions of these changes are hard as the various inter-related mechanisms of heat storage, carbon st ...
Potential future fisheries yields in shelf waters: a model study of the
... Responsible management of marine resources has to take into account the different pressures operating on the marine system, like fishing pressures, changing climatic conditions, and eutrophication issues. Ocean acidification, the increased uptake of CO2 by the marine environment due to elevated leve ...
... Responsible management of marine resources has to take into account the different pressures operating on the marine system, like fishing pressures, changing climatic conditions, and eutrophication issues. Ocean acidification, the increased uptake of CO2 by the marine environment due to elevated leve ...
Climate and carbon cycle dynamics in a CESM simulation from 850
... to the existing set of simulations an integration from 850– 2100 CE with the Community Earth System Model, including a carbon cycle module. The aims of this study are (i) to detect coherent large-scale features of forced variability in temperature and carbon cycle quantities, in particular in respon ...
... to the existing set of simulations an integration from 850– 2100 CE with the Community Earth System Model, including a carbon cycle module. The aims of this study are (i) to detect coherent large-scale features of forced variability in temperature and carbon cycle quantities, in particular in respon ...
They Say “NOPP Has Sufficient Funding Now”
... than 3.5 billion people globally depend on the ocean for their primary source of food, and most of those people are in fast-growing developing regions of Asia and Africa.96 In 20 years, the number could double to 7 billion.97 Fortunately, according to a pivotal paper published in Science in 2006 , o ...
... than 3.5 billion people globally depend on the ocean for their primary source of food, and most of those people are in fast-growing developing regions of Asia and Africa.96 In 20 years, the number could double to 7 billion.97 Fortunately, according to a pivotal paper published in Science in 2006 , o ...
IOC and COP21 - UNESDOC
... system, its importance can no longer be underestimated. Ocean circulation – also known as the Ocean Conveyor Belt – connects all ocean basins (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern). This global ocean has absorbed more than 25% of the CO2 and 93% of excess heat generated by humans since ...
... system, its importance can no longer be underestimated. Ocean circulation – also known as the Ocean Conveyor Belt – connects all ocean basins (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern). This global ocean has absorbed more than 25% of the CO2 and 93% of excess heat generated by humans since ...
potential economic value of carbon sequestration
... the increase in human population around the forest ecosystem. Parts of the forest have been converted to agricultural activities and settlement leading to a net loss of the natural forest area. Nonetheless, the farms surrounding the forest have the potential to sequester a certain amount of carbon t ...
... the increase in human population around the forest ecosystem. Parts of the forest have been converted to agricultural activities and settlement leading to a net loss of the natural forest area. Nonetheless, the farms surrounding the forest have the potential to sequester a certain amount of carbon t ...
Saturation of the terrestrial carbon sink
... ecosystems. This effect has been consistently reported for water-limited systems such as deserts (Pataki et al. 2000), Mediterranean grassland (Field et al. 1996) and savanna ecosystems (Owensby et al. 1997). The implication is that “well-watered” ecosystems, including the most productive forest reg ...
... ecosystems. This effect has been consistently reported for water-limited systems such as deserts (Pataki et al. 2000), Mediterranean grassland (Field et al. 1996) and savanna ecosystems (Owensby et al. 1997). The implication is that “well-watered” ecosystems, including the most productive forest reg ...
A financial director`s guide to the carbon reduction
... League Table and what’s more, your organisation could be one of them. Organisations that are affected by the CRC will have to purchase carbon allowances from the Government from April 2011 – which could cost tens or hundreds of thousands of pounds depending on their emissions. Many organisations hav ...
... League Table and what’s more, your organisation could be one of them. Organisations that are affected by the CRC will have to purchase carbon allowances from the Government from April 2011 – which could cost tens or hundreds of thousands of pounds depending on their emissions. Many organisations hav ...
Contested science in the media: linguistic traces of
... Much more recently, the closely related phenomenon of geoengineering has started to attract scholarly − and public − attention (Corner, Pidgeon, & Parkhill, 2012; Pidgeon et al., 2012). Geoengineering has been defined as deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, in order to ...
... Much more recently, the closely related phenomenon of geoengineering has started to attract scholarly − and public − attention (Corner, Pidgeon, & Parkhill, 2012; Pidgeon et al., 2012). Geoengineering has been defined as deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, in order to ...
Trends in the land and ocean carbon uptake
... AF increased by 0.1% per year, close to the trend estimated from observations. The land and ocean models both contributed to the reversal of the trend in about equal proportions. Climate variability could play an important role in setting the trends of the past few decades. For instance, the 1970s w ...
... AF increased by 0.1% per year, close to the trend estimated from observations. The land and ocean models both contributed to the reversal of the trend in about equal proportions. Climate variability could play an important role in setting the trends of the past few decades. For instance, the 1970s w ...
Present Day Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in the Coastal Ocean and
... ocean • coastal environments • feedbacks • land use • waste water inputs • agricultural fertilizers • hydrological cycle • atmospheric deposition • Ocean acidification Warming of the climate system is unequivocal based on observational evidence from all continents and most oceans (increases in globa ...
... ocean • coastal environments • feedbacks • land use • waste water inputs • agricultural fertilizers • hydrological cycle • atmospheric deposition • Ocean acidification Warming of the climate system is unequivocal based on observational evidence from all continents and most oceans (increases in globa ...
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... factors, which are critical in determining crop yield (Lobell and Asner, 2003; Morison and Lawlor, 1999). Crop models have been used to show effects of increased CO2 on crop yields, growth and water use based on experimental literature (Acock and Allen, 1985). Plants have three types of carbon fixat ...
... factors, which are critical in determining crop yield (Lobell and Asner, 2003; Morison and Lawlor, 1999). Crop models have been used to show effects of increased CO2 on crop yields, growth and water use based on experimental literature (Acock and Allen, 1985). Plants have three types of carbon fixat ...
Climate Educator Guide
... the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, a group of South Pacific islands. This site is one of the best locations in the world for measuring CO2 because there are no plants or human activities nearby to influence the measurements (any volcanic venting of gas is excluded from the record). The Mauna Loa data ...
... the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, a group of South Pacific islands. This site is one of the best locations in the world for measuring CO2 because there are no plants or human activities nearby to influence the measurements (any volcanic venting of gas is excluded from the record). The Mauna Loa data ...
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... factors, which are critical in determining crop yield (Lobell and Asner, 2003; Morison and Lawlor, 1999). Crop models have been used to show effects of increased CO2 on crop yields, growth and water use based on experimental literature (Acock and Allen, 1985). Plants have three types of carbon fixat ...
... factors, which are critical in determining crop yield (Lobell and Asner, 2003; Morison and Lawlor, 1999). Crop models have been used to show effects of increased CO2 on crop yields, growth and water use based on experimental literature (Acock and Allen, 1985). Plants have three types of carbon fixat ...
Atmospheric CO2 targets for ocean acidification perturbation
... is sufficient to calculate all other carbonate system values (see Dickson, this volume, for detailed information). This approach is particularly important for locations differing from the open ocean, such as coastal zones, inland seas, oxygen minimum zones, and deep-sea environments. Large divergenc ...
... is sufficient to calculate all other carbonate system values (see Dickson, this volume, for detailed information). This approach is particularly important for locations differing from the open ocean, such as coastal zones, inland seas, oxygen minimum zones, and deep-sea environments. Large divergenc ...
Desert dust and anthropogenic aerosol interactions
... role of sulfate and volcanic aerosols, as well as other anthropogenic aerosols (black and organic carbon aerosols from combustion) (Jones et al., 2003 included sulfate aerosols, ozone and other greenhouse gas changes). Since our model has a much smaller climate-carbon feedback (Thornton et al., 2009 ...
... role of sulfate and volcanic aerosols, as well as other anthropogenic aerosols (black and organic carbon aerosols from combustion) (Jones et al., 2003 included sulfate aerosols, ozone and other greenhouse gas changes). Since our model has a much smaller climate-carbon feedback (Thornton et al., 2009 ...
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... Climate change and loss of biological and ecosystem diversity are considered to be among the world’s most important environmental policy issues. Changes in land use, particularly from forestry to crop cultivation, have a major impact on the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere and on the loss of fo ...
... Climate change and loss of biological and ecosystem diversity are considered to be among the world’s most important environmental policy issues. Changes in land use, particularly from forestry to crop cultivation, have a major impact on the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere and on the loss of fo ...
Balancing the Global Carbon Budget
... storage of carbon in plants and soils, then CO2 levels will rise less rapidly than in the absence of this (negative) feedback, and climate change will also be slower as a result. There are physical feedbacks such as the effects of clouds on Earth’s radiation balance, although many of these are alrea ...
... storage of carbon in plants and soils, then CO2 levels will rise less rapidly than in the absence of this (negative) feedback, and climate change will also be slower as a result. There are physical feedbacks such as the effects of clouds on Earth’s radiation balance, although many of these are alrea ...
Unit 1 Review, clay minerals, atmosphere and oceans and ancient life
... Magmas derived from the mantle material beneath the crust have higher levels of iron, magnesium and calcium, but they are still likely to be dominated by oxygen and silicon. All magmas also have smaller amounts of elements like hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur, which are emitted as water-vapou ...
... Magmas derived from the mantle material beneath the crust have higher levels of iron, magnesium and calcium, but they are still likely to be dominated by oxygen and silicon. All magmas also have smaller amounts of elements like hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur, which are emitted as water-vapou ...
Regulation on Carbon Emission Trading Pricing-to-Market: Based on
... counterpart that such entities as states or enterprises assume the statutory liabilities in the Kyoto mechanism. Carbon trading can be classified into two sorts. One is JI and CDM which are both based on the projects, the other is IET on the basis of distributed quotas. Carbon emission rights can be ...
... counterpart that such entities as states or enterprises assume the statutory liabilities in the Kyoto mechanism. Carbon trading can be classified into two sorts. One is JI and CDM which are both based on the projects, the other is IET on the basis of distributed quotas. Carbon emission rights can be ...
Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change
... Sequestration means maximizing the carbon dioxide pulled from the atmosphere by plant growth and minimizing the loss of that carbon once it is stored in soil. In technical terms, it is the net difference between atmospheric carbon fixed through photosynthesis and carbon respired from all ecosystem c ...
... Sequestration means maximizing the carbon dioxide pulled from the atmosphere by plant growth and minimizing the loss of that carbon once it is stored in soil. In technical terms, it is the net difference between atmospheric carbon fixed through photosynthesis and carbon respired from all ecosystem c ...
Decadal-Scale Temperature Trends in the Southern Hemisphere
... on the basis of South Atlantic results from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model, Wainer et al. (2004) suggested that a global warming scenario would yield rapid changes in SST and barotropic transport within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) compared wit ...
... on the basis of South Atlantic results from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model, Wainer et al. (2004) suggested that a global warming scenario would yield rapid changes in SST and barotropic transport within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) compared wit ...
The ocean carbon sink – impacts, vulnerabilities and challenges
... CaCO3 . During this process, CO2 is released to the surrounding water (Fig. 2, Eq. 3; Frankignoulle et al., 1994). Thus, the CaCO3 pump is counteracting the organic carbon pump. As more carbon is bound to POC and DOC during biological production than to CaCO3 (this rain ratio of CaCO3 : POC amounts ...
... CaCO3 . During this process, CO2 is released to the surrounding water (Fig. 2, Eq. 3; Frankignoulle et al., 1994). Thus, the CaCO3 pump is counteracting the organic carbon pump. As more carbon is bound to POC and DOC during biological production than to CaCO3 (this rain ratio of CaCO3 : POC amounts ...
Potential impacts of climate change on Northeast
... these are better studied than non-exploited species and have sufficient distributional and biological data to support the envelope model. Because exploited species tend to have high biomass, we capture a large portion of the marine metazoan biomass (Cheung et al., 2009). Changes in total relative ab ...
... these are better studied than non-exploited species and have sufficient distributional and biological data to support the envelope model. Because exploited species tend to have high biomass, we capture a large portion of the marine metazoan biomass (Cheung et al., 2009). Changes in total relative ab ...
PETM: A Possible Analog to Modern Climate Change / Methane
... happened during the PETM and the current upward trends in atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide. Objectives: After completing this investigation, you should be able to: • Describe the chemical and physical characteristics of methane hydrate and its distribution in the Earth environment. • Demonstra ...
... happened during the PETM and the current upward trends in atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide. Objectives: After completing this investigation, you should be able to: • Describe the chemical and physical characteristics of methane hydrate and its distribution in the Earth environment. • Demonstra ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.