... emissions as well as CO2 ‘emitted to produce materials’ for infrastructure (IPCC, 2014) – The existing infrastructure stock of the average Annex I resident is 3 times that of the world average and about 5 times higher than that of the average non‐Annex I resident (Müller et al., 2013) – The build‐up ...
Urban Sustainability and Some of its Emerging New Critical Challenges
... Note: This is a generalization, but many differences depend on the specific cities considered ...
... Note: This is a generalization, but many differences depend on the specific cities considered ...
Future urbanization in Asia and potential heat risk
... Source: D. Guha-Sapir, R. Below, Ph. Hoyois - EM-DAT: The CRED/OFDA International Disaster Database – www.emdat.be – Université Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium. ...
... Source: D. Guha-Sapir, R. Below, Ph. Hoyois - EM-DAT: The CRED/OFDA International Disaster Database – www.emdat.be – Université Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium. ...
Impacts of warming
... Here we use analysis of the Met Office’s Earth system model, HadGEM2-ES, to show how some impacts differ at certain levels of warming. The results are taken for a single high emissions scenario as global temperatures pass 1.5 °C, 2 °C and 4 °C of warming above pre-industrial levels. Information on o ...
... Here we use analysis of the Met Office’s Earth system model, HadGEM2-ES, to show how some impacts differ at certain levels of warming. The results are taken for a single high emissions scenario as global temperatures pass 1.5 °C, 2 °C and 4 °C of warming above pre-industrial levels. Information on o ...
Issue Brief #1: Do reflective roofs cool the world? Existing research
... therefore may diminish cloud formation.11 Since clouds block out the sun, decreased cloud cover allows more sunlight to reach the land surface and potentially counteract the global cooling effect from lightercolored surfaces. Another study found that urbanization with highly reflective roofs in Phoe ...
... therefore may diminish cloud formation.11 Since clouds block out the sun, decreased cloud cover allows more sunlight to reach the land surface and potentially counteract the global cooling effect from lightercolored surfaces. Another study found that urbanization with highly reflective roofs in Phoe ...
Met112lecture10
... Current models suggest that the water vapor feedback is responsible for about the same amount of warming as warming from increases in CO2. ...
... Current models suggest that the water vapor feedback is responsible for about the same amount of warming as warming from increases in CO2. ...
summer in the city: hot and getting hotter
... Cites are almost always hotter than the surrounding rural area but global warming takes that heat and makes it worse. In the future, this combination of urbanization and climate change could raise urban temperatures to levels that threaten human health, strain energy resources, and compromise econom ...
... Cites are almost always hotter than the surrounding rural area but global warming takes that heat and makes it worse. In the future, this combination of urbanization and climate change could raise urban temperatures to levels that threaten human health, strain energy resources, and compromise econom ...
Did global warming stop in
... To find out whether there is actually a 'cooling trend,' it is important to consider all of these claims as a whole, since they follow the same pattern. In making these claims, skeptics cherrypick short periods of time, usually about 20 years or less. The temperature chart below is based on informati ...
... To find out whether there is actually a 'cooling trend,' it is important to consider all of these claims as a whole, since they follow the same pattern. In making these claims, skeptics cherrypick short periods of time, usually about 20 years or less. The temperature chart below is based on informati ...
Chapter 15 - Atmospheric Science Group
... • Formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfur combine with water vapor or liquid water to produce nitric acid and sulfuric acid • In water, allows toxic heavy metals to leach out and contaminate drinking water • Damage to structures, make lakes toxic ...
... • Formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfur combine with water vapor or liquid water to produce nitric acid and sulfuric acid • In water, allows toxic heavy metals to leach out and contaminate drinking water • Damage to structures, make lakes toxic ...
Continental heat gain in the global climate system
... Corresponding Heat Gained in Fifty Year Intervals Over the Last Five Hundred Years Time Interval ...
... Corresponding Heat Gained in Fifty Year Intervals Over the Last Five Hundred Years Time Interval ...
Global Change - Madison County Schools
... * In a warmer world, agricultural productivity may increase in some areas and decrease in others. * Crop and fish production in some areas could be reduced by rising sea levels that would flood river deltas. * Global warming will increase deaths from: * Heat and disruption of food supply. * Spread ...
... * In a warmer world, agricultural productivity may increase in some areas and decrease in others. * Crop and fish production in some areas could be reduced by rising sea levels that would flood river deltas. * Global warming will increase deaths from: * Heat and disruption of food supply. * Spread ...
Week 7 Class PPT Notes
... warmest 30-year period for 1400 years. • There is high confidence that the sea level rise since the middle of the 19th century has been larger than the mean sea level rise of the prior two millennia. • Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased to levels unprecedented on earth ...
... warmest 30-year period for 1400 years. • There is high confidence that the sea level rise since the middle of the 19th century has been larger than the mean sea level rise of the prior two millennia. • Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased to levels unprecedented on earth ...
A Skeptic`s Guide to Climate Change
... before in the past? Yes, natural variability exists, and the Earth’s temperature has changed in the past. However, for the past century we know that CO2 is coming from human burning of fossil fuels. While climate has changed in the past, possibly even as quickly and dramatically as it is changing to ...
... before in the past? Yes, natural variability exists, and the Earth’s temperature has changed in the past. However, for the past century we know that CO2 is coming from human burning of fossil fuels. While climate has changed in the past, possibly even as quickly and dramatically as it is changing to ...
As Temperatures Soar, Cities Fight Heat Waves by Erika Bolstad
... "The answer is: It's both," she said. "We get heat waves naturally, but climate change is amping them up, it's giving them that extra energy, that extra heat to make them even more serious and give them even more impacts." When Air Conditioning Is an Environmental Justice Issue The effects of heat w ...
... "The answer is: It's both," she said. "We get heat waves naturally, but climate change is amping them up, it's giving them that extra energy, that extra heat to make them even more serious and give them even more impacts." When Air Conditioning Is an Environmental Justice Issue The effects of heat w ...
Living shorelines as a tool to mitigate Sea level rise
... infrastructure. -Increased humidity and temperature decrease the human comfort zone, and reduce human productivity. -Increasing temperature increases soil erosion and wind speed, which in turn increases amount of Saharan dust carried across the Mediterranean to European countries causing health and ...
... infrastructure. -Increased humidity and temperature decrease the human comfort zone, and reduce human productivity. -Increasing temperature increases soil erosion and wind speed, which in turn increases amount of Saharan dust carried across the Mediterranean to European countries causing health and ...
CALIFORNIA HEAT WAVES
... and tolerable. The temperature warms up during the day and normally cools off greatly at night allowing plants and animals to recuperate and get ready for another day of scorching heat. However, this traditional type of heat wave, natural for our semi-arid Mediterranean climate, has increasingly ten ...
... and tolerable. The temperature warms up during the day and normally cools off greatly at night allowing plants and animals to recuperate and get ready for another day of scorching heat. However, this traditional type of heat wave, natural for our semi-arid Mediterranean climate, has increasingly ten ...
Met 10
... Current models suggest that the water vapor feedback is responsible for about the same amount of warming as warming from increases in CO2. ...
... Current models suggest that the water vapor feedback is responsible for about the same amount of warming as warming from increases in CO2. ...
Heat stress from global warming may stifle economic growth, new
... gas emissions through at least the midcentury, and calculated heat stress using a measurement of temperature and humidity known as the "wet bulb" temperature. This temperature measures the human body's ability to keep cool under particular conditions. ...
... gas emissions through at least the midcentury, and calculated heat stress using a measurement of temperature and humidity known as the "wet bulb" temperature. This temperature measures the human body's ability to keep cool under particular conditions. ...
Radiation
... – Water Cycling: Increased runoff = warmer daytimes (less cooling due to evaporation) – Increased surface area = more solar radiation can be absorbed, more IR emitted and re-absorbed at night; also higher heat capacity building materials – Autos, factories, people emit heat ...
... – Water Cycling: Increased runoff = warmer daytimes (less cooling due to evaporation) – Increased surface area = more solar radiation can be absorbed, more IR emitted and re-absorbed at night; also higher heat capacity building materials – Autos, factories, people emit heat ...
Climate Change and Public Health
... conditioning or cooling spaces People with chronic diseases People who work outside People taking certain diuretic medications ...
... conditioning or cooling spaces People with chronic diseases People who work outside People taking certain diuretic medications ...
Lakes: a significant thermal energy source
... to protect lakes from so-called thermal pollution. This term refers to adverse impacts on water quality or biotic communities caused by inputs of warmed or cooled water (i.e. when lake water is used for cooling or heating, respectively). Here, very few scientific studies are available. One question ...
... to protect lakes from so-called thermal pollution. This term refers to adverse impacts on water quality or biotic communities caused by inputs of warmed or cooled water (i.e. when lake water is used for cooling or heating, respectively). Here, very few scientific studies are available. One question ...
Chapter 15 Notes:
... • Increases in CO2 concentration may lead to global warming, an increase in temperatures around the Earth • Because vegetation uses CO2 to make food, deforestation also affects one of the natural ways of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. • Another significant gas emitted from garbage dumps and agric ...
... • Increases in CO2 concentration may lead to global warming, an increase in temperatures around the Earth • Because vegetation uses CO2 to make food, deforestation also affects one of the natural ways of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. • Another significant gas emitted from garbage dumps and agric ...
Green infrastructure and ecosystem services to tackle climate
... According to Benedict and McMahon (2002) green infrastructure can be defined as an interconnected network of green spaces that preserve the functions of natural ecosystems and provides benefits to the population, and although this idea dates back to 1900 the term green infrastructure has only strong ...
... According to Benedict and McMahon (2002) green infrastructure can be defined as an interconnected network of green spaces that preserve the functions of natural ecosystems and provides benefits to the population, and although this idea dates back to 1900 the term green infrastructure has only strong ...
Ameliorating the effects of climate change: Modifying microclimates
... introducing some cooling mist into the air. Much of the information and knowledge necessary to achieve these things is available, but few studies have measured built landscapes to determine whether or not they were successful. Yet this is precisely the kind of information that is needed to make citi ...
... introducing some cooling mist into the air. Much of the information and knowledge necessary to achieve these things is available, but few studies have measured built landscapes to determine whether or not they were successful. Yet this is precisely the kind of information that is needed to make citi ...
Selido1 part 1 - Ψηφιακή Βιβλιοθήκη Θεόφραστος
... A model that has been prepared by the University of East Anglia, which shows that the heat wave of 2003 will be considered as a cooling event when compared to the year 2060 or beyond. This is because the temperature anomalies are expected to exceed about 6 degrees from now and the 2003 event was abo ...
... A model that has been prepared by the University of East Anglia, which shows that the heat wave of 2003 will be considered as a cooling event when compared to the year 2060 or beyond. This is because the temperature anomalies are expected to exceed about 6 degrees from now and the 2003 event was abo ...
Urban heat island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces. Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature. The less-used term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons, and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30%. On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change.