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climate change in the clark fork watershed
climate change in the clark fork watershed

... patterns. It might be easier to visualize if we compare it to predicting human lifespan. It’s pretty difficult to pin down exactly how long a single person will live, just like it’s hard to forecast the exact weather you might see in a week. But if we have demographics about a large group of people, ...
Supplement
Supplement

... NOx emissions and associated impacts on tropospheric ozone under climate change in these simulations. Inserted (P5, L25-27): "Emissions of NOx from lightning (LNOx) are parameterised as a function of cloud-top height (Price and Rind, 1992, 1994) and thus, can vary with changes in convection (Banerje ...
Projections of Future Climate Change in the 21st Century
Projections of Future Climate Change in the 21st Century

... used by Emori et al. (1999). From now on, we refer to the updated CGCM as CCSR/NIES2 and to the previous one as CCSR/NIES1. Although most of the dynamical and physical components of CCSR/NIES2 are exactly the same as those of CCSR/NIES1, some physical parameterizations are updated: • Parameters for ...
1000 year vision - Final
1000 year vision - Final

... The extent of environmental challenges the world is facing is significant and will require very long term approaches to address them. So how far ahead should we be looking? Tonn’s (1986) initial call for 500 year planning timeframes has now moved to recommending planning time frames of at least 1000 ...
PDF
PDF

... available for crop growth. The net effect of climate shifts on soil moisture would vary regionally, depending on whether higher evaporative losses are offset or exacerbated by changes in precipitation. Increases in the variability of precipitation would also have particularly important implications ...
Tonga Climate Change Policy
Tonga Climate Change Policy

... (respectively, the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action, commonly referred to as the Regional Framework for Action or RFA, and the Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change (PIFACC)), which both end in 2015. Tonga’s first JNAP was the first of its ...
Climate Change - cloudfront.net
Climate Change - cloudfront.net

... term, Annex-I industrial emissions would fall to 57–63 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050 — if current positions were faithfully implemented. Global industrial emissions, however, would be approximately 102–111 per cent above 1990 levels by 2050. To calculate the climatic consequences of these globa ...
Gregory and Forster - University of Leeds
Gregory and Forster - University of Leeds

... response (TCR, DT at the time of doubled CO2 under the 1% CO2 scenario). Disregarding any trend caused by natural forcing (volcanic and solar), which is small compared with the trend in anthropogenic forcing, we estimate that the real-world TCR is 1.3–2.3 K (5–95% uncertainty range) from the data of ...
building strong
building strong

... Hadley model – A1 scenario (high-high) ...
Impact of climate change on the timing of strawberry phenological
Impact of climate change on the timing of strawberry phenological

... projected to be altered by climate change, e.g. water availability, land use and ecosystem properties (Falloon & Betts 2010). The impacts are regionally varying; thus, projections for northern Europe suggest increased crop productivity and possible introduction of new crop types when suitability ran ...
Hot or Not?: Recognizing and Preparing for Climate
Hot or Not?: Recognizing and Preparing for Climate

... introduction of new discourses and facts by media sources and scientists shape transition in conceptualization at all levels of disease causation - ranging from genetic code and the human body to home, workplace, neighborhood, or broader environment – that reflect medical paradigms. Research results ...
PDF
PDF

... Disaster risk reduction (DRR) plays an important role in this context. Over and over, medium- and large-scale disasters have undermined or made void decade-long poverty reduction efforts, especially in the unindustrialized countries. The global annual average economic losses from natural hazards to ...
PDF
PDF

... affected by their expectations about future climatic conditions and the associated level of uncertainty in weather patterns. Current estimates of climate change impacts are generally characterized by large uncertainties that depend on limited knowledge we have of many physical, biological, and socio ...
Gaurnet Review - Garnaut Climate Change Review
Gaurnet Review - Garnaut Climate Change Review

... The U1 scenario has a more substantial impact upon alpine areas than the U3 scenario, due to the higher temperature increase coupled with decreased precipitation and relative humidity. The U1 climate scenario would likely reduce both the natural and anthropogenic capacity for snow production in ass ...
WebText- GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH
WebText- GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH

... Low. These systems pick up moisture from oceans and other surface sources and as the humid air rises, it cools, and water vapor condenses. Thus Utah’s low pressure systems are our winter storms, preceeded by south winds, accompanied by snow or rain, and finishing with blasts of cold north air. The p ...
Adaptation Planning – What Other States are Doing
Adaptation Planning – What Other States are Doing

... The scientific community has reached a strong consensus that the climate is changing. Current projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate the continental United State can expect temperature increases of between 5.4ºF and 12.6ºF by the year 2100.1 This warming will ha ...
Lead–lag relationships between global mean temperature and the
Lead–lag relationships between global mean temperature and the

... in Petoukhov et al. (1998), Mokhov et al. (2002), Mokhov et al. (2005b), Eliseev (2011), Eliseev and Mokhov (2011), Eliseev (2012), Mokhov and Eliseev (2012), Eliseev and Sergeev (2014), Eliseev et al. (2014a), Eliseev et al. (2014b), Eliseev et al. (2014c), and Eliseev (2015). In brief, the model c ...
A Case for Guardians for Future Generations
A Case for Guardians for Future Generations

... now and to do so in such a way that the earth’s planetary boundaries remain intact so that future generations enjoy equivalent or even better opportunities. It means meeting the goals set by the Paris Agreement to keep global warming well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels and to pursue 1.5oC whi ...
Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes
Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes

... in the characteristics of such events, including recent increases in the intensity of heavy precipitation events over a large part of the Northern Hemisphere land area3–5, is critical for reliable projections of future changes. Given that atmospheric water-holding capacity is expected to increase ro ...
Climate change impact compared to life cycle assessment results: a
Climate change impact compared to life cycle assessment results: a

... relevance of all the inputs and outputs. The selected LCIA-method is ReCiPe, created by RIVM, CML, PRé Consultants, Radboud Universiteit, and CML-IA. This method, implements both midpoints (problem-oriented approach; impact categories) and endpoints (damage-oriented approach; damage categories) (Buy ...
Advancing climate ambition: How city-scale actions can contribute to
Advancing climate ambition: How city-scale actions can contribute to

... World leaders have agreed that, to avoid the most dangerous climate change impacts, global warming should be kept below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Doing so, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said, will require staying within a strict “carbon budget” (IPCC 2013). Yet so far, cou ...
Annex C: Simulated Changes in Vegetation Distribution under
Annex C: Simulated Changes in Vegetation Distribution under

... since the magnitude, timing and spatial details of global warming vary among climate models. Most published impacts studies were based on atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM) doubled CO 2 radiative forcing equilibrium experiments with simple mixed-layer oceans. Doubled CO 2 radiative forcing ...
publication (accessible PDF, 2.8 MB)
publication (accessible PDF, 2.8 MB)

... on which this report is based, has undoubtedly been the Paris Climate Summit. The IKI did its part to ensure that the international community was able to reach a breakthrough agreement. It offered advisory services far in advance of the crucial days of negotiation in November and December 2015: alre ...
- UNDP Climate Change Adaptation
- UNDP Climate Change Adaptation

... gases: fossil fuel use, changes in vegetation cover. Natural ones: carbon going into and out of ocean/forest naturally every year However, the greenhouse gases have been slowly increasing, thereby increasing the blanket of the atmosphere ...
First Greenhouse Gas Inventory
First Greenhouse Gas Inventory

... for vulnerability assessments and adaptation options. The National Communication for Bhutan was prepared under the stewardshipof the National Environment Commission (NEC) which has been designated to host the National Climate Change Committee. It reflects Bhutan’s unique position as one of the very ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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