1 Big-Picture Exam Topics
... In addition to the standard naming schemes covered in lecture & in your book, these are the common names that you need to know for the test next week. You should be able to (i) write the names of these molecules if given structures OR (ii) draw structures of these molecules if given names. ...
... In addition to the standard naming schemes covered in lecture & in your book, these are the common names that you need to know for the test next week. You should be able to (i) write the names of these molecules if given structures OR (ii) draw structures of these molecules if given names. ...
sn2 reactions of alkyl halides
... The alkyl halides play an important role in organic synthesis. They can be easily prepared from alcohols or alkenes, among other starting materials. They in turn can be used in the synthesis of a large number of functional groups. These syntheses are often carried out by nucleophilic substitution re ...
... The alkyl halides play an important role in organic synthesis. They can be easily prepared from alcohols or alkenes, among other starting materials. They in turn can be used in the synthesis of a large number of functional groups. These syntheses are often carried out by nucleophilic substitution re ...
Chapter 19. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
... LiAlH4 and NaBH4 react as donors of hydride ion Protonation after addition yields the alcohol ...
... LiAlH4 and NaBH4 react as donors of hydride ion Protonation after addition yields the alcohol ...
Iodoform Test - organicchem.org
... formation of an enolate which reacts with the electrophilic I2 to generate an -iodomethylketone. Addition of two more equivalents of base and I2 lead to formation of the -triiodoketone. Hydroxide ion then reacts with the carbonyl carbon of the ketone in a nucleophilic acyl substitution, liberating ...
... formation of an enolate which reacts with the electrophilic I2 to generate an -iodomethylketone. Addition of two more equivalents of base and I2 lead to formation of the -triiodoketone. Hydroxide ion then reacts with the carbonyl carbon of the ketone in a nucleophilic acyl substitution, liberating ...
Option G Further Organic Chemistry
... The compounds and reaction types in this option at SL are summarized in the following ...
... The compounds and reaction types in this option at SL are summarized in the following ...
Final-01 - Yale Department of Chemistry
... give stereoisomeric compounds B and C. When compound B is treated with aqueous KOH, compound D (C7H12) is formed. Under the same conditions compound C forms both A (major) and D (minor). Ozonolysis and dimethyl sulfide reduction of D gives E. Reduction of E with NaBH4 gives 2-methylhexan-1,6-diol. A ...
... give stereoisomeric compounds B and C. When compound B is treated with aqueous KOH, compound D (C7H12) is formed. Under the same conditions compound C forms both A (major) and D (minor). Ozonolysis and dimethyl sulfide reduction of D gives E. Reduction of E with NaBH4 gives 2-methylhexan-1,6-diol. A ...
11. Reactions of Alkyl Halides
... • Primary allyl is more stable than primary alkyl • Primary benzyl is more stable than allyl ...
... • Primary allyl is more stable than primary alkyl • Primary benzyl is more stable than allyl ...
2002
... Course Code: CHE – 05 Assignment Code: CHE –05/TMA – 01/2002 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer all questions. ...
... Course Code: CHE – 05 Assignment Code: CHE –05/TMA – 01/2002 Maximum Marks: 100 Answer all questions. ...
replacing the - Shasha iSeminar
... Reaction with phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5 Solid phosphorus(V) chloride (phosphorus pentachloride) reacts violently with alcohols at room temperature, producing clouds of hydrogen chloride gas. It isn't a good choice as a way of making chloroalkanes, although it is used as a test for -OH groups in o ...
... Reaction with phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5 Solid phosphorus(V) chloride (phosphorus pentachloride) reacts violently with alcohols at room temperature, producing clouds of hydrogen chloride gas. It isn't a good choice as a way of making chloroalkanes, although it is used as a test for -OH groups in o ...
Procedure - organicchem.org
... formation of an enolate which reacts with the electrophilic I2 to generate an -iodomethylketone. Addition of two more equivalents of base and I2 lead to formation of the -triiodoketone. Hydroxide ion then reacts with the carbonyl carbon of the ketone in a nucleophilic acyl substitution, liberating ...
... formation of an enolate which reacts with the electrophilic I2 to generate an -iodomethylketone. Addition of two more equivalents of base and I2 lead to formation of the -triiodoketone. Hydroxide ion then reacts with the carbonyl carbon of the ketone in a nucleophilic acyl substitution, liberating ...
Ch 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
... ◦ SN2 reaction between a carboxylate anion (Nu) and a 1o alkyl halide ◦ Fischer esterification using an acid, an alcohol, and a strong acid catalyst ◦ Reaction between an acid halide and an alcohol - Esters are less reactive than halides and anhydrides. However, they still undergo some Nu acyl subst ...
... ◦ SN2 reaction between a carboxylate anion (Nu) and a 1o alkyl halide ◦ Fischer esterification using an acid, an alcohol, and a strong acid catalyst ◦ Reaction between an acid halide and an alcohol - Esters are less reactive than halides and anhydrides. However, they still undergo some Nu acyl subst ...
File
... The functional group common to all carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group. The name is a contraction of the parts: the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The general formula for a carboxylic acid can be written in expanded or abbreviated ...
... The functional group common to all carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group. The name is a contraction of the parts: the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The general formula for a carboxylic acid can be written in expanded or abbreviated ...
chapter19
... Nucleophilic addition of the equivalent of a carbon anion, or carbanion. A carbon–magnesium bond is strongly polarized, so a Grignard reagent reacts for all practical purposes as R : MgX +. ...
... Nucleophilic addition of the equivalent of a carbon anion, or carbanion. A carbon–magnesium bond is strongly polarized, so a Grignard reagent reacts for all practical purposes as R : MgX +. ...
CHM 260 – Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
... thiols/sulfides from their names. 2. Predict the products of acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols using Zaitsev's rule. 3. Predict the products of oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. 4. Predict the products of thiol oxidation. 5. Understand the difference between elimination vs nucleophil ...
... thiols/sulfides from their names. 2. Predict the products of acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols using Zaitsev's rule. 3. Predict the products of oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. 4. Predict the products of thiol oxidation. 5. Understand the difference between elimination vs nucleophil ...
CHEM 203 Topics Discussed on Nov. 20 Principle: protonation of
... Principle: the above reagents rely on the nucleophilic properties of the OH group to achieve conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides Principle: only primary and secondary alcohols are sufficiently nucleophilic to react with the above reagents. The OH group of tertiary alcohols is poorly nucleophil ...
... Principle: the above reagents rely on the nucleophilic properties of the OH group to achieve conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides Principle: only primary and secondary alcohols are sufficiently nucleophilic to react with the above reagents. The OH group of tertiary alcohols is poorly nucleophil ...
An Overview of Carbonyl Compound Chemistry
... base as the catalyst. In most cases for esters or derivatives less reactive than esters, for example, hydrolysis of esters, amides, and nitriles, either acids or bases would be added to accelerate the rates of reactions. Also be aware that under these conditions proton transfer(s) can easily occur o ...
... base as the catalyst. In most cases for esters or derivatives less reactive than esters, for example, hydrolysis of esters, amides, and nitriles, either acids or bases would be added to accelerate the rates of reactions. Also be aware that under these conditions proton transfer(s) can easily occur o ...
15 - MSU Chemistry
... The starting material in the first reaction has a plane of symmetry so it is achiral: the stereochemistry shows only which diastereoisomer we have. Attack by the amine nucleophile at either end ...
... The starting material in the first reaction has a plane of symmetry so it is achiral: the stereochemistry shows only which diastereoisomer we have. Attack by the amine nucleophile at either end ...
Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... - Acidity results from dissociation of the carboxyl O-H bond. - The carboxyl H can be removed easily because the carboxylate anion is stabilized by resonance (delocalization), so that the two O’s share the positive charge. - Longer-chained carboxylic acid molecules are not water-soluble, but the ion ...
... - Acidity results from dissociation of the carboxyl O-H bond. - The carboxyl H can be removed easily because the carboxylate anion is stabilized by resonance (delocalization), so that the two O’s share the positive charge. - Longer-chained carboxylic acid molecules are not water-soluble, but the ion ...
Discussion Worksheet #10 Formation of Alcohols Skill 1: Functional
... Skill 1: Functional group transformations for alcohols ...
... Skill 1: Functional group transformations for alcohols ...
Cis/Trans
... 1. hydration of 1-butene 2. hydrogenation of 1-butene 3. addition of fluorine to 2-pentene 4. addition of HI to cyclohexene 5. hydrogenation of cyclobutene 6. addition of hydrochloric acid to 1-pentene 7. hydrogenation of cyclopentene 8. addition of hydrobromic acid to 1-butene 9. hydration of cyclo ...
... 1. hydration of 1-butene 2. hydrogenation of 1-butene 3. addition of fluorine to 2-pentene 4. addition of HI to cyclohexene 5. hydrogenation of cyclobutene 6. addition of hydrochloric acid to 1-pentene 7. hydrogenation of cyclopentene 8. addition of hydrobromic acid to 1-butene 9. hydration of cyclo ...
Abbreviated Chapter 17 Powerpoint
... • Rearrangements are possible. • The alkylbenzene product is more reactive than benzene, so polyalkylation occurs. ...
... • Rearrangements are possible. • The alkylbenzene product is more reactive than benzene, so polyalkylation occurs. ...
Chapter 18
... Upon application of light, a cis/trans interconversion occurs which is converted into an electrochemical impulse by affecting the concentration of Ca2+ crossing a cell membrane ...
... Upon application of light, a cis/trans interconversion occurs which is converted into an electrochemical impulse by affecting the concentration of Ca2+ crossing a cell membrane ...
carbonyl chemistry 1
... b) Electrophilic at carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, reacts as is. Under acidic conditions, O is protonated to give a compound even more electrophilic at C. c) Acidic at α-C (e.g. CHR2COR ). Acidic because of electrophilic nature of carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, bases deprotonate immediatel ...
... b) Electrophilic at carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, reacts as is. Under acidic conditions, O is protonated to give a compound even more electrophilic at C. c) Acidic at α-C (e.g. CHR2COR ). Acidic because of electrophilic nature of carbonyl C. Under basic conditions, bases deprotonate immediatel ...
Esterification
... 1/ Weigh 1.0g of Phenol into a small conical flask. HAZARD 2/Add 18cm3 of 1M NaOH(aq) and bung the flask. 3/ HAZARD In a fume cupboard add 2cm3 of Benzoyl chloride in small quantities at a time. 4/ Fit a bung and shake vigorously with occasional cooling under the tap or in ice water. Releasing the g ...
... 1/ Weigh 1.0g of Phenol into a small conical flask. HAZARD 2/Add 18cm3 of 1M NaOH(aq) and bung the flask. 3/ HAZARD In a fume cupboard add 2cm3 of Benzoyl chloride in small quantities at a time. 4/ Fit a bung and shake vigorously with occasional cooling under the tap or in ice water. Releasing the g ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.