aldehydes and ketones
... PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continued) • Because of the polarity of the C=O group, these groups can interact, but the attraction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding. • This makes the boiling point of aldehydes and ketones higher than alkanes, but lower than alcohols. ...
... PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continued) • Because of the polarity of the C=O group, these groups can interact, but the attraction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding. • This makes the boiling point of aldehydes and ketones higher than alkanes, but lower than alcohols. ...
Structure and Bonding
... • HBr, a Lewis acid, adds to the bond • This produces an intermediate with a positive ...
... • HBr, a Lewis acid, adds to the bond • This produces an intermediate with a positive ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... clear-cut coupling to neighboring C–H hydrogens In D2O exchange of N–D for N–H occurs, and the N– ...
... clear-cut coupling to neighboring C–H hydrogens In D2O exchange of N–D for N–H occurs, and the N– ...
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
... BSc (Ind. Chem.)(UTM), MSc (Chem)(UTM), PhD (Chem)(UTM), A.M.I.C Senior Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, ...
... BSc (Ind. Chem.)(UTM), MSc (Chem)(UTM), PhD (Chem)(UTM), A.M.I.C Senior Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, ...
-23- ORGANIC CHEMISTRY A. STRUCTURE AND ISOMERISM 1
... hydrolysis (substitution) - H2O and H+ or HOAmides hydrolysis (substitution) - H2O and H+ or HOAmines (a) reaction with acid (acid-base) - e.g. HCl, CH3COOH, etc. (b) amide formation (substitution) - carboxylic acids/heat Phenols (a) reaction with strong base (acid-base) - NaOH (b) ester formation ( ...
... hydrolysis (substitution) - H2O and H+ or HOAmides hydrolysis (substitution) - H2O and H+ or HOAmines (a) reaction with acid (acid-base) - e.g. HCl, CH3COOH, etc. (b) amide formation (substitution) - carboxylic acids/heat Phenols (a) reaction with strong base (acid-base) - NaOH (b) ester formation ( ...
7. Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis
... Br+ adds to an alkene producing a cyclic ion Bromonium ion, bromine shares charge with carbon ...
... Br+ adds to an alkene producing a cyclic ion Bromonium ion, bromine shares charge with carbon ...
Chapter 1 Chemical Bonding and Chemical Structure
... • A phenyl group can be represented a few different ways ...
... • A phenyl group can be represented a few different ways ...
CHE-05 Organic Chemistry
... 2 Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid is more acidic than benzenecarboxylic acid. A tertiary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation. Aniline is less basic than ammonia. The pKa of monochloroethanoic acid is less than that of ethanoic acid. ...
... 2 Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid is more acidic than benzenecarboxylic acid. A tertiary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation. Aniline is less basic than ammonia. The pKa of monochloroethanoic acid is less than that of ethanoic acid. ...
Chapter 1-
... Acylations: The Clemmensen Reduction Primary alkyl halides often yield rearranged products in FriedelCrafts alkylation which is a major limitation of this reaction Unbranched alkylbenzenes can be obtained in good yield by acylation followed by Clemmensen reduction ...
... Acylations: The Clemmensen Reduction Primary alkyl halides often yield rearranged products in FriedelCrafts alkylation which is a major limitation of this reaction Unbranched alkylbenzenes can be obtained in good yield by acylation followed by Clemmensen reduction ...
Organic_2_7ed_07th_module_carboxylic_acids 370KB May 03
... contains N or O (or it may contain more than one functional group). If the compound contains five or six carbons, it may be soluble. If it contains six carbons or more, it will be insoluble if there is only one functional group, but it may be soluble with multiple groups. If the compound is soluble, ...
... contains N or O (or it may contain more than one functional group). If the compound contains five or six carbons, it may be soluble. If it contains six carbons or more, it will be insoluble if there is only one functional group, but it may be soluble with multiple groups. If the compound is soluble, ...
Chapter 13. Plannig and Execution of Multistep Synthesis
... Juvabione is terpene-derived keto ester that has been isolated from various plant sources. It exhibits “juvenile hormone” activity in insects; that is, it can modify the process of metamorphosis. ...
... Juvabione is terpene-derived keto ester that has been isolated from various plant sources. It exhibits “juvenile hormone” activity in insects; that is, it can modify the process of metamorphosis. ...
Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate via Esterification
... bumping. As an option, you might hold a thermometer just above the boiling liquid and note a temperature of about 91°C. Remove the thermometer and allow the reaction mixture to reflux in such a manner that the vapors condense about one-third of the way up the empty distilling column, which is functi ...
... bumping. As an option, you might hold a thermometer just above the boiling liquid and note a temperature of about 91°C. Remove the thermometer and allow the reaction mixture to reflux in such a manner that the vapors condense about one-third of the way up the empty distilling column, which is functi ...
Brominations and Alkene Synthesis CHM 233 Review
... look from here, looks like this • ANTI addition, bromines add to opposite sides of the C=C double bond (top and bottom) • note new type of structure for indicating stereochemistry on rings, trans- in this case • NOTE, because of bromonium ion intermediate (no "free" carbocation) there are no rearran ...
... look from here, looks like this • ANTI addition, bromines add to opposite sides of the C=C double bond (top and bottom) • note new type of structure for indicating stereochemistry on rings, trans- in this case • NOTE, because of bromonium ion intermediate (no "free" carbocation) there are no rearran ...
CHM 331 : General Organic Chemistry
... look from here, looks like this • ANTI addition, bromines add to opposite sides of the C=C double bond (top and bottom) • note new type of structure for indicating stereochemistry on rings, trans- in this case • NOTE, because of bromonium ion intermediate (no "free" carbocation) there are no rearran ...
... look from here, looks like this • ANTI addition, bromines add to opposite sides of the C=C double bond (top and bottom) • note new type of structure for indicating stereochemistry on rings, trans- in this case • NOTE, because of bromonium ion intermediate (no "free" carbocation) there are no rearran ...
Chapter 11 Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
... Hydrolysis of Amides Amides require more vigorous conditions for hydrolysis in both acid and base than do esters. • Hydrolysis in hot aqueous acid gives a carboxylic acid and an ammonium ion. • Hydrolysis is driven to completion by the acid-base reaction between ammonia or the amine and the acid to ...
... Hydrolysis of Amides Amides require more vigorous conditions for hydrolysis in both acid and base than do esters. • Hydrolysis in hot aqueous acid gives a carboxylic acid and an ammonium ion. • Hydrolysis is driven to completion by the acid-base reaction between ammonia or the amine and the acid to ...
Slide 1 - Alfred State College intranet site
... Carbonyl and Carboxyl Compounds III. Interesting Carbonyl Compounds Formaldehyde (CH2═O) is the simplest aldehyde: •It is sold as formalin, a 37% aqueous solution used to preserve biological specimens. ...
... Carbonyl and Carboxyl Compounds III. Interesting Carbonyl Compounds Formaldehyde (CH2═O) is the simplest aldehyde: •It is sold as formalin, a 37% aqueous solution used to preserve biological specimens. ...
Carboxylic Acids - BSAK Chemistry weebly
... • The name of the major product is ethanamide • Unlike the reactions between ethanoyl chloride and water or ethanol, hydrogen chloride isn't produced – why not? ...
... • The name of the major product is ethanamide • Unlike the reactions between ethanoyl chloride and water or ethanol, hydrogen chloride isn't produced – why not? ...
Chapter 10 The Chemistry of Alcohols and Thiols
... balanced half-reaction.) The iodine can be assigned an oxidation number of +7 in periodate and +5 in iodate. How do we know this? Assign +2 to every oxygen because oxygen is divalent and presumably has two bonds to the iodine. (See the top of text p. 456 for a similar case.) Assign a –1 for every ne ...
... balanced half-reaction.) The iodine can be assigned an oxidation number of +7 in periodate and +5 in iodate. How do we know this? Assign +2 to every oxygen because oxygen is divalent and presumably has two bonds to the iodine. (See the top of text p. 456 for a similar case.) Assign a –1 for every ne ...
Organic Chemistry III Laboratory
... The carbonyl group of substituted cyclohexanones will have two distinct faces. Remember that cyclohexanes will exist predominantly in the chair conformation and that when substituted, there are two different possible chair conformations. One with the substituent group in an equatorial position and a ...
... The carbonyl group of substituted cyclohexanones will have two distinct faces. Remember that cyclohexanes will exist predominantly in the chair conformation and that when substituted, there are two different possible chair conformations. One with the substituent group in an equatorial position and a ...
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
... ■ The polarity in halogenoalkanes is due to the fact that the halogen atom is more electronegative than carbon, and so exserts a stronger pull on the shared electrons in the carbon-halogen bond. ■ As a result, the halogen gains a partial negative charge and the carbon gains a partial positive charge ...
... ■ The polarity in halogenoalkanes is due to the fact that the halogen atom is more electronegative than carbon, and so exserts a stronger pull on the shared electrons in the carbon-halogen bond. ■ As a result, the halogen gains a partial negative charge and the carbon gains a partial positive charge ...
ppt
... Mechanism occurs in two stages. The first is addition of the nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The second stage in collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate to reform a carbonyl with expulsion of a leaving group (Y). There is overall substitution of the leaving gr ...
... Mechanism occurs in two stages. The first is addition of the nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The second stage in collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate to reform a carbonyl with expulsion of a leaving group (Y). There is overall substitution of the leaving gr ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... ii) A hydrocarbon shows a mass parent peak at m/e 102. It exhibits NMR signals δ 7.4 (5 H ,Singlet) and δ 3.08 (1H Singlet). What is the probable structure of the hydrocarbon? ...
... ii) A hydrocarbon shows a mass parent peak at m/e 102. It exhibits NMR signals δ 7.4 (5 H ,Singlet) and δ 3.08 (1H Singlet). What is the probable structure of the hydrocarbon? ...
CHEM 208(Organic Chemistry I)
... ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Laboratory Experiments by Schoffstall, Barbara and Melvin(2nd Edn) Learning Objectives: The principal objective of this course is to get familiar with the C compounds, their nomenclature, functional groups, structures, stereochemistry, their syntheses and reactions. The C compound ...
... ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: Laboratory Experiments by Schoffstall, Barbara and Melvin(2nd Edn) Learning Objectives: The principal objective of this course is to get familiar with the C compounds, their nomenclature, functional groups, structures, stereochemistry, their syntheses and reactions. The C compound ...
Wolff rearrangement
The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total syntheses; the most common use is trapping the ketene intermediate with nucleophiles to form carboxylic acid derivatives. The Arndt-Eistert homologation is a specific example of this use, wherein a carboxylic acid may be elongated by a methylene unit. Another common use is in ring-contraction methods; if the α-diazo ketone is cyclic, the Wolff rearrangement results in a ring-contracted product. The Wolff rearrangement works well in generating ring-strained systems, where other reactions may fail.